Week 4

Question 1

What is athersclerosis?

Answer 1

When soft fatty plaque deposits build up and become hard in the vascular system.

Question 2

What is the early lesion stage of CAD?

Answer 2

Endothelial scaring. Caused by chronic hypertension, smoking, hyperhomoglysoema, diabetes, infections, toxins, damage endothelium.

Question 3

What is the result of collagen build up?

Answer 3

Fatty streak accumulates and moves to smooth muscle. Can start as early as 15-25 yrs old.

Question 4

What is the fibrous plaque stage of CAD?

Answer 4

Collagen covers fatty streak, where lumen narrows, decreases blood flow, no longer reversible.

Question 5

What is the complicated stage of CAD?

Answer 5

Plaque ruptures, thrombus formation and further narrowing of the vessels. Can result in total occlusion of the vessel and inflammation response.

Question 6

What is chronic stable angina?

Answer 6

reversible and temp myocardial ischemia. O2 demand is greater than the O2 supply due to fatty streak decreased blood flow.
- Intermitent over long period for some duration, severity and onset.

Question 7

What diagnostic tests are used for chronic stable angina?

Answer 7

EKG- look for ST segment depression.

Lipid studies, health history, chest x-ray, stress test, echo.

Question 8

What are the treatments for chronic unstable angina?

Answer 8

Cardiac catherization, coronary angiograph, stent and balloon angioplasty, CABG

Question 9

What is a non-ST-segment elevation?

Answer 9

Heart attack with partial/ full blockage.

Question 10

what is acute coronary syndrome?

Answer 10

Prolonged decreased O2, results in unstable angina with either non/ full ST segment MI.

Question 11

What is unstable angina?

Answer 11

change in stable angina pattern. Ie. at rest, new pain, or increase in incidence, medical emergency.

Question 12

What is an MI?

Answer 12

20 min of full blockage, irreversible myocardial cell death that needs to be treated. Heart wall will die within 5-6 hrs without treatment.

Question 13

What happens to the SNS during a MI?

Answer 13

Stress response, increased glycogen, diaphoresis, vasoconstriction, clammy skin.

Question 14

What are some complications from of an MI?

Answer 14

Dysrhythmias, HF, dresslers syndrome, serum cardiac markers.

Question 15

what cardiac markers are most important?

Answer 15

Troponin, myoglobin, CK-MB. Shows evidence of muscle destruction.

Question 16

Symptoms of Chronic stable angina?

Answer 16

Acute pain, decreased CO, anxiety, activity intolerance, ineffective health management.

Question 17

What is collateral circulation?

Answer 17

The development of new arteries and the presence of chronic ischemia. New coronary arteries form around the blockage.

Question 18

What are risk factors for chronic stable angina?

Answer 18

Men, age, white people, genetic predisposition, elevated triglycerides, diabetes, tobacco use, hypertension, physical inactivity, depression, anger, stress, elevated weight circumference, elevated homocystein levels, unhealthy diet, metabolic syndrome, illicit drugs.

Question 19

What are some treatments of chronic stable angina?

Answer 19

Prevention, physical activity, mediteranean diet, drugs that restric lipoprotein production, drugs that increased lipoprotein removal.

Question 20

What is variant angina?

Answer 20

Response from a spasm of the coronary artery of chest pain. Increases demand of O2, strong concentration of smooth muscle in coronary artery.

Question 21

What is coronary revascularization?

Answer 21

Intervention to restore blood flow to the affected myocardium. Used for those in critical conditions, diabetes patients, failed PCI. Has longer benefits with CABG, than PCI.