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NURS 2003 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is stress?

A

The inability to cope with perceived demands or threats to an individuals mental, emotional or spiritual well-being. Subjective condition.

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2
Q

What are stressors?

A

Stress inducing demands.

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3
Q

What is eustress?

A

Stress associated with positive events, like the birth of a baby, falling in love, going for a run etc.

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4
Q

What is general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

A

Composed of alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion.

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5
Q

What is the alarm stage?

A

First stage in GAS. When person perceives a stressor mentally/physically and the fight or flight response kicks in. This stage temporarily decreases the immune system and can result in disease or death if prolonged and severe. Physiological symptoms experienced.

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6
Q

Describe the stage of resistance.

A

Physiological reserves are mobilized to increase resistance to stress. Person is expending energy in an effort to adapt. Less noticeable physical symptoms due to allostasis. Person may return to homeostasis if internal and external resources are enough. If not, person moves to exhaustion stage.

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7
Q

What is allostasis?

A

The ability to achieve homeostasis in the presence of challenge.

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8
Q

Describe the final stage.

A

Occurs when all physical resources for adaptation are expended. Ends in death or life saving interventions like medicine or psychotherapy. The body will sometimes will return to alarm stage in last ditch effort to save itself. Sudden strength at end of life with terminally ill patients is an example of this.

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9
Q

What is hardiness?

A

Stress resistant personal characteristic. Combination of commitment, control and openness.

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10
Q

What is a sense of coherence?

A

Optimistic world view, perceived ability to function optimally in that world. Person sees their life as ordered, manageable and meaningful.

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11
Q

What is resilience?

A

Ability to be resourceful, flexible, and recover from stressful situations. Use more effective coping and problem solving strategies, possess higher self esteem, and are less likely to perceive a threat as stressful or taxing.

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12
Q

What happens in the cerebral cortex as a response to a stressor?

A

The stressor is evaluated in reference to past experiences and future consequences. Course of action is planned.

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13
Q

What happens in the limbic system as a response to a stressor?

A

When stimulated, the limbic system activates emotions, feelings and behaviours that ensure survival.

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14
Q

What happens in the reticular formation as a response to a stressor?

A

Sends signals to limbic system and cerebral cortex to produce arousal and emotional responses.

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15
Q

What happens in the hypothalamus as a response to a stressor?

A

Limbic system stimulates the hypothalamus, which releases hormones that regulate ACTH. The hypothalamus also sends signals to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.

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16
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system stimulate?

A

It stimulates the adrenal glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Which initiates the fight or flight response.

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17
Q

What is the sympatho-adrenal response?

A

The fight or flight response and the bodies response to the catecholamines

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18
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus release that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release pro-opiomelanocortin?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone.

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19
Q

What kind of effect do endorphins have?

A

They help blunt pain perception and have analgesic effect. ACTH and B-endorphin are derived from POMC.

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20
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete corticosteriods, and aldosterone.

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21
Q

What effects does cortisol have?

A

Increases blood glucose levels, potentiating action of catecholamines (epi and norepi), and inhibits inflammatory response. These responses result in an increase of cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and metabolic rate which enable flight or fight.

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22
Q

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

A

Interdisciplanary science which investigators seek to understand the interactions among psychological, neurological and immune responses.

23
Q

How can acute stress benefit the body?

A

Acute stress stimulates the proliferation of neutrophils, and natural killer cells, the bodies first defence against infection.

24
Q

How does chronic stress affect the body?

A

Has negative effects on the cellular and humoral immune systems. Immune system may be suboptimal, and ineffective or hyperviligant leading to chronic inflammatory states which exacerbate chronic stress.

25
Q

What are some examples of conditions associated with maladaptions to stress?

A

Angina, asthma, depression, dyspepsia, eating disorders, headaches, low back pain, IBS, menstrual irregularities, peptic ulcer disease, sexual disfunction, insomnia.

26
Q

What is coping?

A

A persons cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific external or internal stressors that seem to exceed available resources. Positive coping ex: exercise and use of social support. Negative coping ex: overeating, denial, substance abuse.

27
Q

What is emotion-focused coping?

A

Involves managing emotions that an individual feels in stressful situations. Alleviate negative emotions and provide sense of self.

28
Q

What is problem-focused coping?

A

Involves person trying to find solution to problems causing stress. Enable person to look at problem objectively, take action towards problem and reduce stress.

29
Q

What is human response to stress?

A

Physiological symptoms as a response to stress. Like headaches, muscoskeletal pain, loss of apetite, hyperventilation, sweating. Behavior responses may be absenteeism, avoidance of conversations, forgetfullness, inability to concentrate.

30
Q

When does stress occur?

A

Happens when one perceives that they cannot adequately cope with demands being made on them, or when their well-being is threatened.

31
Q

What factors affect stress?

A

Hardiness, sense of coherence, resilience, attitude.

32
Q

What are the 3 theories of stress?

A

Stress as a Stimulus, stress as a transaction, stress as a response.

33
Q

What is stress as a stimulus?

A

Uses social readjustment scale, determines that frequent life changes subject people to developing stress and illness.

34
Q

What is primary appraisal in the stress pathology map?

A

First step in determining if a stimulus is threatening. Body decides it as irrelevant, stressful or benign positive.

35
Q

What is secondary appraisal in the stress pathology map?

A

Once the stimulus is determined to be stressful, the body must decide if it is a threat, harm/loss or challenge. Then it must find a coping mechanism to deal with said stressor.

36
Q

What is general adaptation syndrome?

A

Composed of 3 stages: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.

37
Q

what happens to the heart during the alarm stage?

A

Increased HR, increased stroke volume, leading to increased cardiac output.

38
Q

What happens to the blood vessels during the alarm stage?

A

Peripheral vasoconstriction, increased systolic BP, redistribution of blood to vital organs.

39
Q

What happens to the lungs during the alarm stage?

A

increased RR, shallow breathing.

40
Q

What happens to the adrenal medulla during the alarm stage?

A

Increased epi, increased norepi, prolongs the SNS response.

41
Q

What happens to the liver during the alarm response?

A

Glycogenolysis, increases the blood glucose.

42
Q

What happens to the GI system in response to the alarm stage?

A

Decreased secretions, decreased peristalis, decreased digestion.

43
Q

What happens in the stage of exhaustion?

A

All physical resources have been expended, may see slight improvement prior to death. Can be treated.

44
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do in response to stress stimuli?

A

Processes stress stimuli.

45
Q

What does the limbic system do in response to stress stimuli?

A

Relay’s information.

46
Q

What does the hypothalamus do in response to stress stimuli?

A

Regulates SNS and PNS.

47
Q

When the hypothalamus is stimulated, what does it stimulate first?

A

Increases CRH release, stimulates adrenal medulla and sympathetic centers, stimulates the posterior pituitary gland.

48
Q

What does the increase of CRH release?

A

Stimulates the anterior pituitary gland, increases secretion of ACTH.

49
Q

What does the increase of ACTH stimulate?

A

The adrenal cortex, which increases glucocorticoid (cortisol) secretion, moderates aldosterone secretion.

50
Q

What are the effects of cortisol?

A

Increased catabolism of tissue proteins, glucogenesis, produces hyperglycemia. Decreases immune response, Decreases eosinophils and allergic reactions.

51
Q

What happens when the SNS and adrenal medulla are stimulated?

A

Increase in catecholamine levels, initiates fight or flight response.

52
Q

What are the effects of aldosterone?

A

Increases sodium and water reabsorption, which increases blood volume.

53
Q

What does the stimulation of the posterior pituitary gland do?

A

Increases ADH secretion, decreases urine production and increases urine retention, which also increases blood volume.

NURS 2003 (12 decks)

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