Week 4 Flashcards
What is an unconditioned stimulus and what is the US in Pavlov’s dogs example?
a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning; food
What is an unconditioned response and what is the UR in Pavlov’s dogs example?
an unlearned, reflexive response without an unconditioned stimulus; salivation
What is a conditioned stimulus and what is the CS in Pavlov’s dogs example?
a stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus; ringing sound
What is a conditioned response and what is the CR in Pavlov’s dogs example?
the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus; salivation
What is acquisition?
initial phase of learning in which a response is established
What is extinction in terms of classical conditioning?
an acquired conditioned response that fails to persist forever
What is Thorndike’s law of effect?
actions occur in higher frequencies when followed by a positive consequence
What are the two types and meanings of negative reinforcements?
avoidance learning: removes possibility of stimulus occurring
escape learning: removes already present stimulus
What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?
primary: necessary for survival
secondary: have ‘learnt’ value (ex: money)
What are the two types of sensory memories and their functions?
iconic - visual
echoic - auditory
What is the Alan Baddeley working memory model?
a model of the STM that temporarily stores information, it has 3 functions the phonological loop, episodic buffer, and visuospatial sketchpad
What are the two types of long term memories?
declarative and non-declarative
What is the declarative memory?
memories that we are constantly aware of divided into two types: episodic - experiences and semantic - worldly facts
What is the non-declarative memory?
memories we are not constantly aware of: procedural memory - muscle memory, classical conditioning
What is anterograde amensia?
the inability to form new memories of events occurring after brain injury
What is the encoding specificity principle?
states that retrieval is most effective when the conditions of retrieval and encoding are the same
What is latent inhibition?
a process that prevents a frequently used stimuli (typically food) from being conditioned when sickness randomly occurs after an encounter with that stimuli
What is conditioned taste adversion?
an acquired dislike for a food because the consumption was followed by illness
What is conditioned emotional response?
a learned emotional response to a person, situation, etc.
What is preparedness?
the “built-in” biological response to a certain stimuli
What is applied behaviour analysis?
the process of using observation and reinforcement to teach people with developmental conditions like autism
What is retrograde amnesia?
when memories preceding a trauma are lost
What is continuous reinforcement?
when every response made results in reinforcement
What is partial (intermittent) reinforement?
only a certain number of responses are rewarded
What are the four types of partial reinforcement?
fixed, ratio, interval, and variable
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
reinforcement is delivered after a certain number of responses have been completed
What is a variable-ratio schedule?
the number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to average (ex: slot machine)
What is a fixed-interval schedule?
reinforces the first response occurring after a set amount of time passes
What is a variable-interval schedule?
the first response is reinforced following a variable amount of time
What is the partial reinforcement effect?
refers to a phenomenon in which organisms that have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer than those conditioned under continuous reinforcement
What is a context-depended memory?
when retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same setting as encoding
What is the dual-coding memory storage process?
when information is stored in more than one form
What is the procedural memory?
facilitates patterns of muscle movement
What is long-term potentiation?
basically Hebb’s law; the strengthening of synapses and neurons when used more
What is encoding?
the process of storing info in LTM
What is deep processing?
memory processing to an items meaning or its function
What are desirable difficulties?
techniques that make studying harder but more effective
What is retrieval?
info goes from LTM back into STM
What are control processes?
info goes from one store to another
What is retroactive interference?
recent learned info prevents being able to remember old info
What is reconsolidation?
when the hippocampus strengthens LTM
What is consolidation?
moving memories from STM to LTM
What is serial position effect?
recalling the first and last few items from a list (not the middle)
What is feature binding?
the process of combining visual features into a singular unit
What is cross-cortical storage?
declarative memories distributed throughout the cortex of the brain
What is shallow processing?
encodes for surface level properties of a stimulus
What is the difference between maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?
maintenance - prolonged exposure to info through repetition
elaborative - prolonged exposure to info through evaluating meaning
