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PSYC 1000 DE > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus and what is the US in Pavlov’s dogs example?

A

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning; food

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2
Q

What is an unconditioned response and what is the UR in Pavlov’s dogs example?

A

an unlearned, reflexive response without an unconditioned stimulus; salivation

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3
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus and what is the CS in Pavlov’s dogs example?

A

a stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus; ringing sound

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4
Q

What is a conditioned response and what is the CR in Pavlov’s dogs example?

A

the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus; salivation

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5
Q

What is acquisition?

A

initial phase of learning in which a response is established

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6
Q

What is extinction in terms of classical conditioning?

A

an acquired conditioned response that fails to persist forever

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7
Q

What is Thorndike’s law of effect?

A

actions occur in higher frequencies when followed by a positive consequence

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8
Q

What are the two types and meanings of negative reinforcements?

A

avoidance learning: removes possibility of stimulus occurring
escape learning: removes already present stimulus

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9
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

A

primary: necessary for survival
secondary: have ‘learnt’ value (ex: money)

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10
Q

What are the two types of sensory memories and their functions?

A

iconic - visual

echoic - auditory

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11
Q

What is the Alan Baddeley working memory model?

A

a model of the STM that temporarily stores information, it has 3 functions the phonological loop, episodic buffer, and visuospatial sketchpad

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12
Q

What are the two types of long term memories?

A

declarative and non-declarative

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13
Q

What is the declarative memory?

A

memories that we are constantly aware of divided into two types: episodic - experiences and semantic - worldly facts

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14
Q

What is the non-declarative memory?

A

memories we are not constantly aware of: procedural memory - muscle memory, classical conditioning

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15
Q

What is anterograde amensia?

A

the inability to form new memories of events occurring after brain injury

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16
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

states that retrieval is most effective when the conditions of retrieval and encoding are the same

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17
Q

What is latent inhibition?

A

a process that prevents a frequently used stimuli (typically food) from being conditioned when sickness randomly occurs after an encounter with that stimuli

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18
Q

What is conditioned taste adversion?

A

an acquired dislike for a food because the consumption was followed by illness

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19
Q

What is conditioned emotional response?

A

a learned emotional response to a person, situation, etc.

20
Q

What is preparedness?

A

the “built-in” biological response to a certain stimuli

21
Q

What is applied behaviour analysis?

A

the process of using observation and reinforcement to teach people with developmental conditions like autism

22
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

when memories preceding a trauma are lost

23
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

when every response made results in reinforcement

24
Q

What is partial (intermittent) reinforement?

A

only a certain number of responses are rewarded

25
Q

What are the four types of partial reinforcement?

A

fixed, ratio, interval, and variable

26
Q

What is a fixed-ratio schedule?

A

reinforcement is delivered after a certain number of responses have been completed

27
Q

What is a variable-ratio schedule?

A

the number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to average (ex: slot machine)

28
Q

What is a fixed-interval schedule?

A

reinforces the first response occurring after a set amount of time passes

29
Q

What is a variable-interval schedule?

A

the first response is reinforced following a variable amount of time

30
Q

What is the partial reinforcement effect?

A

refers to a phenomenon in which organisms that have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer than those conditioned under continuous reinforcement

31
Q

What is a context-depended memory?

A

when retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same setting as encoding

32
Q

What is the dual-coding memory storage process?

A

when information is stored in more than one form

33
Q

What is the procedural memory?

A

facilitates patterns of muscle movement

34
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

basically Hebb’s law; the strengthening of synapses and neurons when used more

35
Q

What is encoding?

A

the process of storing info in LTM

36
Q

What is deep processing?

A

memory processing to an items meaning or its function

37
Q

What are desirable difficulties?

A

techniques that make studying harder but more effective

38
Q

What is retrieval?

A

info goes from LTM back into STM

39
Q

What are control processes?

A

info goes from one store to another

40
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

recent learned info prevents being able to remember old info

41
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

when the hippocampus strengthens LTM

42
Q

What is consolidation?

A

moving memories from STM to LTM

43
Q

What is serial position effect?

A

recalling the first and last few items from a list (not the middle)

44
Q

What is feature binding?

A

the process of combining visual features into a singular unit

45
Q

What is cross-cortical storage?

A

declarative memories distributed throughout the cortex of the brain

46
Q

What is shallow processing?

A

encodes for surface level properties of a stimulus

47
Q

What is the difference between maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?

A

maintenance - prolonged exposure to info through repetition

elaborative - prolonged exposure to info through evaluating meaning

PSYC 1000 DE (5 decks)

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