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PSYC 1000 DE > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

a way of learning through collecting observations, and developing theories and predictions

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2
Q

What are the first three steps to the scientific method?

A

Develop theory –> develop hypothesis —> test hypothesis

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3
Q

All hypothesis are required to be “falsifiable”, what does this mean?

A

that the hypothesis must be precise enough that it could be proven false

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4
Q

What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

A

A theory is an explanation for observations that can generate a hypothesis

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5
Q

True or False: A theory is an opinion or belief

A

False

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6
Q

Describe the biopsychosocial model

A

a way of explaining behaviour as a product of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

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7
Q

What is the principle of parsimony?

A

the idea that the simplest of all competing explanations should be the one that we accept

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8
Q

Define Empiricism.

A

A philosophical tenet that knowledge comes though experience

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9
Q

Define Determinism.

A

the belief that all events are governed by lawful, cause-and-effect relationships

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10
Q

Who developed the world’s first personality classification scheme?

A

Hippocrates

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11
Q

Describe Hippocrates’ beliefs that were applied to the world’s first classification scheme.

A
  • health and personality was influenced by four humours in the body
  • these humours were blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm
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12
Q

How did Galen of Pergamon contribute to the development of psychology after hippocrates?

A 
he suggested that the four humours combined to create temperaments 
blood - implusive, charismatic
yellow bile - ambitious, aggressive 
black bile - perfectionist, introverted 
phlegm - relaxed, content
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13
Q

What is the idea of materialism?

A

the beliefs that humans and other living beings are composed exclusively of physical matter

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14
Q

What is the idea of dualism?

A

the belief that there are properties of humans that are not material

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15
Q

How did Gustav Fechner contribute to psychology?

A

he developed the concept of psychophysics

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16
Q

Describe the concept of psychophysics.

A

the study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world

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17
Q

What is clinical psychology?

A

a field of psychology that concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

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18
Q

How did Gall and Spurzheim contribute to the field of clinical psychology?

A

Gall and Spurzheim developed phrenology and believed that the brain had 27 organs that each control a human trait

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19
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

a psychological approach that attempts to explain how behaviour and personality are influenced by unconscious processes

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20
Q

What did Sir Francis Galton do for psychology?

A

believed that hereditary explains psychological differences - his thoughts relate to many fascist movements

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21
Q

How did Wilhelm Wundt contribute to psychology?

A

he established psychology as an independent scientific field

22
Q

Describe the aspects of structuralism.

A

developed by Edward Titchener; the concept that conscious experiences can be broken down into basic elements working together

23
Q

What did William James do?

A

Wrote the first psychology textbook, developed functionalism

24
Q

Describe the aspects of functionalism.

A

developed by William James, studies the purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience

25
Q

Who developed behaviourism?

A

Watson

26
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

a concept which studies the development of observable behaviour with little reference to mental instincts as possible influences

27
Q

Who was Edward Thorndike?

A

A psychologist who determined that the frequency at which certain behaviours are preformed is dependant on the positive or negative consequences

28
Q

State and explain the concept developed by B.F. Skinner?

A

Radical behaviourism; the foundation of behaviour is based on how an organism responds to rewards and punishments

29
Q

What is social psychology?

A

developed in nazi Germany; the study of the influence of other people on behaviour

30
Q

What is personality psychology?

A

the study of how different personality characteristics can influence how we think and act

31
Q

What did Kurt Lewin do?

A

created this: Behaviour = f (individual, experience)

32
Q

What is Gesalt psychology?

A

an approach emphasizing that psychologist need to focus on the whole of perception and experience, rather than individual parts

33
Q

What is humanistic psychology?

A

developed by Rogers and Maslow; an approach to psychology which focuses on the unique aspect of every individual human, and the belief that humans are different from other animals

34
Q

What is Hebb’s Law?

A

memory: cells that fire together, wire together

35
Q

What did Wilder Penfield do?

A

he mapped out brain region by electrically stimulating areas of the brain

36
Q

What are the five characteristics to quality scientific research?

A

1) it is based on measurements that are objective, valid and reliable
2) it can be generalized
3) it uses techniques that reduce bias
4) it is made public
5) it can be replicated

37
Q

Define variable.

A

the object, concept, or event being manipulated or measured by a scientist

38
Q

Define validity.

A

the degree to which an instrument or procedure actually measured what it claims to measure

39
Q

Define reliability.

A

the degree to which an experiment provides consistent and stable answers across multiple observations and points in time

40
Q

What are the three types of reliability?

A

inter-rater, test retest, and alternate forms reliability

41
Q

Define generalizability.

A

refers to the degree to which one set of results can be applied to other situations, individuals, or events

42
Q

Define ecological validity.

A

meaning that the results of a lab study can be applied or repeated in the natural environment

43
Q

Define placebo.

A

a measurable and experienced improvement in health or behaviour that cannot be attributable to a medication or treatment

44
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

inadvertent cues given off by the experimenter or content that provides information about how participants are expected to behave

45
Q

What are naturalistic observations?

A

the unobtrusive observations and recording of behaviour as it occurs in the subjects natural environment

46
Q

Define random assignment.

A

a technique for dividing samples into two or more groups in which participants are equally placed in any condition of the experiment

47
Q

What is the difference between the independent and dependent variable?

A

independent - manipulated by researcher

dependent - studied/ observed

48
Q

Describe the quasi-experimental research technique.

A

the two or more groups that are compared are selected based on predetermined characteristics

49
Q

What are the aspects of informed consent?

A

freedom to choose, equal opportunities, the right to withdraw, and the right to withhold responses

50
Q

What is scientific literacy?

A

the ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific literacy

PSYC 1000 DE (5 decks)

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