Week 4 Flashcards
Sub 4 minute mile - how is this related to self belief?
For years it was thought impossible to run a sub 4 minute mile
May 1954 roger bannister ran 3min 59.4secs
46 days later, John Landy ran 1.5secs fast than bannister
What is sport confidence?
Degree of uncertainty one possesses about the ability to be successful in sport
What is self confidence?
Belief that one can perform successfully in competition
What is self efficacy?
Belief that one can successfully organise and execute a course of action to reach a specific goal
What is characteristic of performers who believe in themselves?
Set and achieve stretching goals Take and learn from criticism Establish a balanced perspective on strengths/weaknesses Tackle weaknesses head on Take risks
Self belief is strongest when performers……
Build on holistic self esteem, worth and value
Are humble
Have no need to inform others of their achievements
Are rational
Takes positives from situations
See negative feedback as constructive
When is self confidence most fragile in performers who appear to have strong self belief?
They tell you about their self belief and ability
Need to verbalise and externalise it
Their self belief is exposed and vulnerable
When is self confidence most fragile in performers who are aware of their lack of self belief?
‘Waiting to be found out’
‘lucky’
Tend to be highly self conscious, self critical, and have negative perceptions what others think about them
In banduras theory of self efficacy, what are efficacy expectations predicted by?
Performance accomplishments Vicarious experience Verbal persuasion Physiological states Emotional states Imagine experiences
Bandura’s theory - summarise performance accomplishments
The most powerful predictor
Personal mastery experiences
Positive linear relationship (eg if you’ve taken 100 penalties in past, more likely to be confident if scored those 100 before compared to someone who hasn’t been successful before)
Bandura’s theory - what influences the performance accomplishments positive linear relationship?
Perceived difficulty of task (eg if goal is smaller than what you’ve shot into in the past, less confident and vice versa)
Effort exerted (if ran 4.01 mile before but not fully exerted, will be fairly confident that could run a sub 4 min mile)
The amount of physical guidance received (different being successful with guidance, to then having to be successful without it)
Temporal patterning of success and failure (eg two players who have both taken 100 penalties in past and both scored 50 penalties, efficacy should be the same. But if one scored the first 50 and the other scored the second 50, the one who scored the second 50 is rob ably more efficacious as fresher in the memory)
Compliance can be a problem (don’t want to be over confident)
Bandura’s theory - summarise vicarious experience
The information derived from observing and comparing yourself with others
Modelling can provide instructional and efficacy information
Should model those with relevant and / or slightly higher ability
Bandura’s theory - when is vicarious experience particularly important?
When lacking personal experience in the task
When perceived similarities to the model
Bandura’s theory - summarise verbal persuasion
Persuasive techniques used by self or others to manipulate behaviour:
Self talk
Evocative feedback
Others expectations
Bandura’s theory - what are mediating factors in verbal persuasion?
Prestige Credibility Expertise Trustworthiness (Of the persuader)
Bandura’s theory - summarise physiological states
Appraisal of ones physiological state or condition
Includes strength, pain, fitness, fatigue
Can enhance or compromise efficacy
Perceptions of physical adeptness and physical fitness are especially important
Bandura’s theory - summarise emotional states
Appraisal of one’s emotional experiences and cognitive processes
Can be a positive evaluation that enhances efficacy or a negative one that compromises it
Bandura’s theory - what is emotional states mediated by?
Selective recall of past success and failures
Bandura’s theory - summarise imaginable experiences
Imagining ones self or others being successful
Mediated by ones efficacy in imagery ability
What are some sport specific sources of efficacy?
Mastery Demonstration of ability Physical and mental preparation Self awareness Trust
Consequences of efficacy beliefs - cognitions
Choice (eg higher confidence more likely to choose to take penalty)
Attributions
Consequences of efficacy beliefs - affect
Emotions
Mood
(Both generally better more positive if higher in confidence)
Consequences of efficacy beliefs - behaviour
Effort (more likely to put in less effort if don’t expect to do well to protect self esteem)
Performance (generally improves if efficacy higher)
What is Vealey’s revised model of sport confidence?
General conceptualisation of self confidence to predict behaviour across a wide range of sport situations
Focuses on it more globally than Bandura
What are the four components of Vealey’s model?
Self confidence (trait to state continuum)
Organisational culture (do team mates make you feel good as opposed to dragging you down)
Athlete characteristics (personality)
Sources of self confidence
What does Vealey’s model predict?
The organisational culture and athlete characteristics influence sources of sport confidence
Which in turn predict sport confidence levels
Which in turn predict athletes affect, behaviour and cognitions
Athletes need to combat self doubt with strategies to enhance confidence. How can this be achieved?
Focus on recent performance accomplishments
Draw on own and others experiences
Manage self talk
Interpreted readiness to perform in a positive way
Developing self confidence - what does it mean to focus on recent performance accomplishments?
Focus on recent accomplishments
Do you have medium and short term goals to boost your self confidence
Replay in your mind recent accomplishments
Developing self confidence - what does it mean to draw on own and others experiences?
Identify the characteristics of anticipated pressure environments before you encounter them
Think about how role models and team mates have responded to similar situations
Try to simulate situations before you encounter them
Developing self confidence - what does it mean to manage self talk?
Often so automatic that you don’t notice it or its effects
Negative - the worrier, the critic, the victim
Ways to encounter and use positive self talk - avoid negatives, use present tense, use personally credible sentiments
What is meant by positive interpretation of readiness to perform?
The best performers interpret their pre performance mental and physical response as being facilitating to performance
Physical response = mobilisation
Mental response = importance and effort
Overall = I’m ready
What is self handicapping?
Carefully orchestrated sabotage of the subconscious mind
‘Deschapelles coup’
Don’t prepare excuses for failure
What is meant by positive illusions?
Performers having unrealistically favourable attitudes or beliefs that people have towards themselves or to people that are close to them
What is the placebo effect?
A beneficial effect produced by a placebo which cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself and must therefore be due to the performers belief in that placebo
E.g. pre performance rituals
What is religiosity?
A belief or faith despite lack of empirical evidence
What is meant by the term doublethink?
The acceptance of contrary opinions / beliefs at the same time
Performers can have setting self beliefs in their ability whilst being uncertain if they will achieve their goals
