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Y3 - Psych Excellence Test > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Give a brief overview of the history of personality in sport

A

Significant area of research between 1930-80
Numerous problems - lack of theory, methodological flaws, errors
Research developed outside of sport in the 1990s but only became more fashionable in sport psych research recently

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2
Q

How does Cervone & pervin 2013 define personality?

A

Psychological qualities that contribute to an individual’s enduring and distinctive patterns of feeling, thinking and behaving.

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3
Q

What are the key principles of personality according to Cervone & pervin 2013?

A

Enduring: consistent across times / situations

Distinction: differentiate between individuals

Contribution: to behaviour allows for collection of empirical data as well as theory building

Feeling, thinking and behaving: takes into account all aspects of a person, not just one particular domain of life

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4
Q

What are the layers of personality according to McAdams 2013?

A

Dispositional traits

Characteristic adaptations

Self normative identities

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5
Q

What is Lewins equation?

A

B = f(P, E)

B - behaviour
P - personality
E - environment

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6
Q

There are two important considerations - what is meant by a performance focused theoretic basis?

A

Why and how might personality affect performance

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7
Q

There are two important considerations - what is meant by main versus interactive effects?

A

The interactive effect of a person and their environment on behaviour is complex, hence so to is the relationship between personality and sport performance.

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8
Q

What are ‘the big five’ (mcCrea and John 1992)

A 
Neuroticism 
Extraversion 
Openness
Agreeableness 
Conscientiousness
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9
Q

The big five - elite vs recreational athletes

A

Elite athletes are more extroverted and emotionally stable

International athletes have higher levels of conscientiousness and agreeableness and lower levels of neuroticism than club level athletes.

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10
Q

The big five - what did conscientiousness relate positively to?

A

Quality of preparation

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11
Q

The big five - what did emotional stability positively relate to?

A

Effective coping during competition

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12
Q

The big five - what did extroverts benefit from?

A

Goal setting

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13
Q

The big five - what did neurotics benefit from?

A

Emotional control training

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14
Q

The big five - Athletes with low levels of agreeableness, extroversion, and emotional stability are more prone to what?

A

Aggressive behaviours

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15
Q

The big five - athletes with low levels of openness and emotional stability are more prone to what?

A

Using avoidance coping strategies

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16
Q

The big five - Athletes with high levels of conscientiousness, extroversion and emotional stability are more prone to what?

A

Using problem focused coping strategies

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17
Q

The big five - which athletes have more positive performance statistics?

A

Adult athletes with high levels of conscientiousness or low levels of neuroticism

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18
Q

How does Hewitt & Flett 1991 define perfectionism?

A

A multidimensional construct characterised by the setting of very high personal standards alongside harsh criticism of ones own behaviour

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19
Q

What are the dimensions of perfectionism?

A

Perfectionistic striving - having high personal standards and striving for perfection

Perfectionistic concerns - highly critical self evaluation

20
Q

What is perfectionistic striving associated with?

A 
Greater performance 
Olympic success 
Confidence 
Effective coping 
Self determined motivation
21
Q

What is perfectionistic striving combined with perfectionistic concerns associated with?

A

Burnout
The yips
High anxiety
Depression

22
Q

What is dispositional optimism and hope? (Scheier & Carver, 1985)

A

A generalised positive expectancy about life

23
Q

Optimism and sport according to Nicholls 2010

A

Optimism is positively related to problem focused coping and negatively related to avoidant coping strategies such as resignation.

24
Q

Define mental toughness

A

A stable disposition that is associated with an ability to deal with a wide variety of stressors and obstacles, and yet still perform at a high level under pressure.

25
Q

What does mental toughness predict?

A

High level performance and is associated with Olympic success

Mentally tough performers are high in punishment sensitivity and low in reward sensitivity

26
Q

Clinical definition of narcissism according to the American psychiatric association

A

A pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration and a lack of empathy

27
Q

Sub clinical definition of narcissism (brown et al 2009)

A

Associated with a grandiose, yet fragile, self view and feelings of entitlement

28
Q

Characteristics of a narcissist

A 
Self centred 
Self aggrandising
Entitled 
Dominant 
Manipulative 
Excel when opportunity for glory
29
Q

When do narcissist perform well?

A

In competitive pressurised situations

Possibly due to increased effort

30
Q

What does being a narcissist appear to impact, according Roberts et al 2013?

A

The effectiveness of psychological skills

31
Q

What do narcissists prefer?

A

Coach behaviours that focus on treating athletes as individuals

Mastery or performance motivational climates

32
Q

What is alexithymia?

A

A trait deficit in emotion regulation

33
Q

What is alexithymia characterised by?

A

The absence of words to express one’s emotions

Typically viewed as a difficulty in acknowledging emotions and feelings plus an inability to express them to others

34
Q

What is alexithymia a key antecedent of?

A

Engagement in risk taking activities

35
Q

What do risk taking activities provide?

A

An emotion regulation benefit because they allow the individual to experience, and subsequently control anxiety

36
Q

What other personal traits must be considered in relation to personality?

A 
Goal orientations 
Trait anxiety 
Hardiness
Competitiveness 
Proactivity
37
Q

The role of what factors should also be considered in relation to personality?

A

Genetics
Adversity
Relationships

38
Q

What did Goertzel 1962 say about the darker side to personality and sporting success?

A

“The ‘normal man’ is not a likely candidate for the hall of fame”

39
Q

The world’s best atheists may have some socially undesirable personality traits, give some examples

A 
Obsessional 
Single minded 
Narcissistic 
Self serving 
Indifferent 
Malevolent 
Ruthless / selfish 
Driven
40
Q

Winning in sport at the highest level isn’t normal. According to hardy et al 2011, what do the world’s best athletes have?

A

Idiosyncrasies that make them exceptional, but potentially difficult to relate to and communicate with

41
Q

What are the practical applications and implications of personality research?

A

Personality profiling to predict athlete behaviours
Support intra and interpersonally
Promote awareness of self and others
Treat athletes and coaches as individuals
Tailor interventions for athletes specific need

42
Q

How might conflict arise?

A

Between a sports psychologists desire to enhance sport performance and their ethical obligation to optimise mental health

43
Q

The big five - athletes have more favourable relationships with their team mates / coach?

A

Those with high levels of agreeableness or conscientiousness

44
Q

Layers of personality - what are dispositional traits?

A

Broad and comparative tendencies or a behavioural signature

45
Q

Layers of personality - what are characteristic adaptations?

A

Ones conscious goals and purposes

46
Q

Layers of personality - what are self normative identities?

A

Unfolding identities and self stories

Y3 - Psych Excellence Test (5 decks)

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