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Y3 - Psych Excellence Test > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did hardy & Gould 1996 stay a it motivation?

A

Extremely high levels of motivation may be necessary to repeatedly produce the kind of high quality training sessions that are required for elite performance

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2
Q

Ikigai - what’s your reasons for being?

A

What you love + what the world need = mission

What the world needs + what you can be paid for = vocation

What you can be paid for + what you are good at = profession

What you are good at + what you love = passion

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3
Q

What is internal motivation?

A

Doing an activity for the inherent satisfaction or performing simply because you enjoy it

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4
Q

What is external motivation?

A

Performance in order to attain some separable outcome or for incentives such as money

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5
Q

What is self determination?

A

The process by which a person controls their own life

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6
Q

What is approach and avoidance behaviour?

A

Approach - move towards a set of circumstances

Avoidance - move away from a set of circumstances

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7
Q

What can amotivation lead to?

A

Learned helplessness
Disengagement
Burnout

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8
Q

What do hardy & Gould 1996 say about motivation in elite sport?

A

It appears that elite athletes sustain high levels of motivation through a strong sense of doing the activity for inherent satisfaction (intrinsic motivation a prerequisite for elite performance)

This doesn’t mean they aren’t extrinsically motivated too

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9
Q

What does cognitive evaluation theory focus on?

A

An individual’s innate need for competence, autonomy and relatedness (to maintain/enhance internal motivation)

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10
Q

What is competence?

A

A feeling of mastery / accomplishment

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11
Q

What is autonomy?

A

A sense of being in control so that he journals self determined

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12
Q

What is relatedness?

A

A sense of belonging and security

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13
Q

Cognitive evaluation theory applied to elite sport - what are goal setting strategies used for?

A

To confirm elite performers need for self competence as long as they feel at least partly responsible for the processes behind the goal achievement and related to others in striving to realise the goal

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14
Q

Cognitive evaluation theory applied to elite sport - what will have a detrimental impact on intrinsic motivation?

A

Any situations perceived to have a negative effect on attainment of personal goals, or communication with significant others

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15
Q

What happens when you’re externally motivated over prolonged periods?

A

Internal motivation subsides so that you become heavily dependant on material rewards to keep going

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16
Q

CET - what are some potential undermining effects of extrinsic motivation on intrinsic motivation?

A

Over justification of rewards
Self perception that the activity is being performed for the rewards rather than the activity itself
Shift in attention towards external rewards
A feeling that locus of causality has shifted externally
Externally imposed constraints or controls

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17
Q

What is organismic integration theory?

A

Explains the development and multifaceted nature of extrinsic motivation

Different types of motivation that vary in the degree to which a behaviour has been internalised and integrated into an individual’s sense of self

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18
Q

What are the different forms of behavioural regulation?

A 
External reg 
Introjected reg 
Identified reg
Integrated reg
Internal reg
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19
Q

Achievement goal theory - what is task involvement?

A

Mastery focused or self referenced and involves Demi starting competence through personal improvement

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20
Q

Achievement goal theory - what is ego involvement?

A

Comparatively or normatively referenced and involves demonstrating superior ability over others (or equal ability with less effort)

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21
Q

What is meant by orthogonal?

A

Independent

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22
Q

What is meant by interactional?

A

Orientation and situation interact to predict involvement

23
Q

How can task / ego orientation be measured?

A

Task and ego orientation in sport questionnaire?

24
Q

Achievement goal theory - how does ego / task orientation effect motivation in elite sport?

A

Combination of strong ego orientation and low perceived competence put the performer at higher risk of experiencing motivational difficulties

Better performers are likely to be higher in both ego and task orientation but employ these different perspectives in different situations

25
Q

What are attributions? (weiner 1985)

A

Perceived causes or reasons that an individual gives for an event

Affected by various personality and environmental factors

26
Q

What is the central assumption of weiners attribution theory?

A

Achievement attributions can be classified along three main dimensions; locus of causality, stability, controllability

27
Q

Weiner’s attribution theory - what is locus of causality?

A

Whether the event was personally internal or external

28
Q

Weiner’s attribution theory - what is stability?

A

The degree to which the cause of an event is variable across time

29
Q

Weiner’s attribution theory - what is controllability?

A

Whether the attribution was potentially controllable or not

30
Q

Weiner’s attribution theory - What is self serving bias?

A

Making internal, controllable stable attributions for success and internal, controllable unstable attributions for failure.

More likely in elite performers - believe it may prevent performers slipping into learned helplessness spirals

31
Q

What links adversity to motivation?

A

Trauma

32
Q

What does Sarkar et al 2015 say abut trauma?

A

Trauma stemming from adversity can leave an indelible impression on an individual’s psyche and scheme, to the extent that his or her raison dêtre is established or altered.

33
Q

According to fletcher & Sarkar 2017, what does adversity represent?

A

Significant, life changing events that act as extreme motivational triggers

34
Q

What is the Goldman dilemma?

A

If there existed a drug that would make you unbeatable for the next five years, after which you would die, would you take it?

Consistently through the 80s and early 90s, the results were that approx half of the elite athletes asked would take the drug.

35
Q

What is meant by a psychodynamic approach?

A

Early life adversity induces a sense of loss that creates a strong unconscious need to avoid such experiences in the future.

36
Q

What are the core psychodynamic mechanisms? Hardy et al 2017

A

Guilt - the loss was something I could have stopped from happening

Achievement striving - if I try hard enough it won’t happen again

Need for success - so that I can be worthy of the attention I didn’t get because of the loss

37
Q

What is the phaeton effect? Standing & Ringo 2016

A

Exceptional success after early childhood parental loss

38
Q

What does the phaeton effect not guarantee?

A

Outstanding achievements do not guarantee that they will lead a happy life as an adult, nor that they will be benign individuals.

39
Q

Why is the phaeton effect initially surprising?

A

In the general population, early parental loss is associated with adverse developmental outcomes, but different domains are generally involved so e.g. someone who is an alcoholic / depressed could still be a great artist.

40
Q

What is John henryism? James 1994

A

High effort coping with adversity increases the risk of ill health

41
Q

What are the three characteristics of John henryism?

A

Efficacious mental and physical vigour
Strong commitment to hard work
Single minded determinate to succeed

42
Q

What is meant by a double edged sword? Broady et al 2016

A

Striving for success may facilitate success but undermine health

43
Q

What is meant by the antithetical nature of psychological traits, according to Simonton 2014?

A

Creative people appear to be more mentally healthy than the general population, highly creative people appear to be more mentally ill than the general population

44
Q

How can the antithetical nature of psychological traits apply to elite sport?

A

The factors that distinguish athletes from non athletes do not have to be equivalent to those factors that distinguish rare competitors who won multiple medals to those who won a single bronze. Some of those factors might be antithetical.

45
Q

What is meant by winning at all costs?

A

Sometimes people’s motivation is so great that they go to extraordinary lengths to achieve their ambitions

“Every corpse on Everest was once an extremely motivated person”

46
Q

What are the key characteristics of optimal motivation?

A 
Approach rather than avoidance 
Active rather than passive 
Do it for  yourself rather than others 
Positive rather than negative 
Internal rather than external 
Self determined
47
Q

What is it important to do if your performance is to be maintained through internal motivation?

A

Find ways of feeling competent in what you do
Be able to exercise choice over your behaviour
Be able to relate in some positive way to the people you are performing with

48
Q

How do you derive some internal motivation from external motivation?

A 
Complete non self determined behaviour 
Then low self determined behaviour 
Then moderate self determined behaviour 
Then high self determined behaviour 
Then complete self determined behaviour.
49
Q

How can you self determine your motivation through goal setting?

A

Set goals in a structured, meticulous faction
Make sense of what you’re trying to achieve
Engender persistence
Provide a focus
Provide a source of confidence when they are achieved

50
Q

What is meant by INSPIRED goals?

A 
Internalised 
Nurturing
Specific 
Planned 
In your control
Reviewed regularly 
Energising 
Documented
51
Q

What are outcome goals?

A

Focus on the outcomes of particular events and usually involve interpersonal comparison of some kind

52
Q

What are performance goals?

A

Specify an end product of performance that will be achieved by the performer independent of other performers

53
Q

What are process goals?

A

Focus on processes that are important during the process

54
Q

Athletes should align outcome, performance and process goals. How should they plan for the short and long term?

A

Long - top down fashion

Short - bottom up fashion

Y3 - Psych Excellence Test (5 decks)

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