Week 3 Flashcards
What did hardy & Gould 1996 stay a it motivation?
Extremely high levels of motivation may be necessary to repeatedly produce the kind of high quality training sessions that are required for elite performance
Ikigai - what’s your reasons for being?
What you love + what the world need = mission
What the world needs + what you can be paid for = vocation
What you can be paid for + what you are good at = profession
What you are good at + what you love = passion
What is internal motivation?
Doing an activity for the inherent satisfaction or performing simply because you enjoy it
What is external motivation?
Performance in order to attain some separable outcome or for incentives such as money
What is self determination?
The process by which a person controls their own life
What is approach and avoidance behaviour?
Approach - move towards a set of circumstances
Avoidance - move away from a set of circumstances
What can amotivation lead to?
Learned helplessness
Disengagement
Burnout
What do hardy & Gould 1996 say about motivation in elite sport?
It appears that elite athletes sustain high levels of motivation through a strong sense of doing the activity for inherent satisfaction (intrinsic motivation a prerequisite for elite performance)
This doesn’t mean they aren’t extrinsically motivated too
What does cognitive evaluation theory focus on?
An individual’s innate need for competence, autonomy and relatedness (to maintain/enhance internal motivation)
What is competence?
A feeling of mastery / accomplishment
What is autonomy?
A sense of being in control so that he journals self determined
What is relatedness?
A sense of belonging and security
Cognitive evaluation theory applied to elite sport - what are goal setting strategies used for?
To confirm elite performers need for self competence as long as they feel at least partly responsible for the processes behind the goal achievement and related to others in striving to realise the goal
Cognitive evaluation theory applied to elite sport - what will have a detrimental impact on intrinsic motivation?
Any situations perceived to have a negative effect on attainment of personal goals, or communication with significant others
What happens when you’re externally motivated over prolonged periods?
Internal motivation subsides so that you become heavily dependant on material rewards to keep going
CET - what are some potential undermining effects of extrinsic motivation on intrinsic motivation?
Over justification of rewards
Self perception that the activity is being performed for the rewards rather than the activity itself
Shift in attention towards external rewards
A feeling that locus of causality has shifted externally
Externally imposed constraints or controls
What is organismic integration theory?
Explains the development and multifaceted nature of extrinsic motivation
Different types of motivation that vary in the degree to which a behaviour has been internalised and integrated into an individual’s sense of self
What are the different forms of behavioural regulation?
External reg Introjected reg Identified reg Integrated reg Internal reg
Achievement goal theory - what is task involvement?
Mastery focused or self referenced and involves Demi starting competence through personal improvement
Achievement goal theory - what is ego involvement?
Comparatively or normatively referenced and involves demonstrating superior ability over others (or equal ability with less effort)
What is meant by orthogonal?
Independent
What is meant by interactional?
Orientation and situation interact to predict involvement
How can task / ego orientation be measured?
Task and ego orientation in sport questionnaire?
Achievement goal theory - how does ego / task orientation effect motivation in elite sport?
Combination of strong ego orientation and low perceived competence put the performer at higher risk of experiencing motivational difficulties
Better performers are likely to be higher in both ego and task orientation but employ these different perspectives in different situations
What are attributions? (weiner 1985)
Perceived causes or reasons that an individual gives for an event
Affected by various personality and environmental factors
What is the central assumption of weiners attribution theory?
Achievement attributions can be classified along three main dimensions; locus of causality, stability, controllability
Weiner’s attribution theory - what is locus of causality?
Whether the event was personally internal or external
Weiner’s attribution theory - what is stability?
The degree to which the cause of an event is variable across time
Weiner’s attribution theory - what is controllability?
Whether the attribution was potentially controllable or not
Weiner’s attribution theory - What is self serving bias?
Making internal, controllable stable attributions for success and internal, controllable unstable attributions for failure.
More likely in elite performers - believe it may prevent performers slipping into learned helplessness spirals
What links adversity to motivation?
Trauma
What does Sarkar et al 2015 say abut trauma?
Trauma stemming from adversity can leave an indelible impression on an individual’s psyche and scheme, to the extent that his or her raison dêtre is established or altered.
According to fletcher & Sarkar 2017, what does adversity represent?
Significant, life changing events that act as extreme motivational triggers
What is the Goldman dilemma?
If there existed a drug that would make you unbeatable for the next five years, after which you would die, would you take it?
Consistently through the 80s and early 90s, the results were that approx half of the elite athletes asked would take the drug.
What is meant by a psychodynamic approach?
Early life adversity induces a sense of loss that creates a strong unconscious need to avoid such experiences in the future.
What are the core psychodynamic mechanisms? Hardy et al 2017
Guilt - the loss was something I could have stopped from happening
Achievement striving - if I try hard enough it won’t happen again
Need for success - so that I can be worthy of the attention I didn’t get because of the loss
What is the phaeton effect? Standing & Ringo 2016
Exceptional success after early childhood parental loss
What does the phaeton effect not guarantee?
Outstanding achievements do not guarantee that they will lead a happy life as an adult, nor that they will be benign individuals.
Why is the phaeton effect initially surprising?
In the general population, early parental loss is associated with adverse developmental outcomes, but different domains are generally involved so e.g. someone who is an alcoholic / depressed could still be a great artist.
What is John henryism? James 1994
High effort coping with adversity increases the risk of ill health
What are the three characteristics of John henryism?
Efficacious mental and physical vigour
Strong commitment to hard work
Single minded determinate to succeed
What is meant by a double edged sword? Broady et al 2016
Striving for success may facilitate success but undermine health
What is meant by the antithetical nature of psychological traits, according to Simonton 2014?
Creative people appear to be more mentally healthy than the general population, highly creative people appear to be more mentally ill than the general population
How can the antithetical nature of psychological traits apply to elite sport?
The factors that distinguish athletes from non athletes do not have to be equivalent to those factors that distinguish rare competitors who won multiple medals to those who won a single bronze. Some of those factors might be antithetical.
What is meant by winning at all costs?
Sometimes people’s motivation is so great that they go to extraordinary lengths to achieve their ambitions
“Every corpse on Everest was once an extremely motivated person”
What are the key characteristics of optimal motivation?
Approach rather than avoidance Active rather than passive Do it for yourself rather than others Positive rather than negative Internal rather than external Self determined
What is it important to do if your performance is to be maintained through internal motivation?
Find ways of feeling competent in what you do
Be able to exercise choice over your behaviour
Be able to relate in some positive way to the people you are performing with
How do you derive some internal motivation from external motivation?
Complete non self determined behaviour Then low self determined behaviour Then moderate self determined behaviour Then high self determined behaviour Then complete self determined behaviour.
How can you self determine your motivation through goal setting?
Set goals in a structured, meticulous faction
Make sense of what you’re trying to achieve
Engender persistence
Provide a focus
Provide a source of confidence when they are achieved
What is meant by INSPIRED goals?
Internalised Nurturing Specific Planned In your control Reviewed regularly Energising Documented
What are outcome goals?
Focus on the outcomes of particular events and usually involve interpersonal comparison of some kind
What are performance goals?
Specify an end product of performance that will be achieved by the performer independent of other performers
What are process goals?
Focus on processes that are important during the process
Athletes should align outcome, performance and process goals. How should they plan for the short and long term?
Long - top down fashion
Short - bottom up fashion
