Week 4 Flashcards
What happens when primordial/primary follicles are exhausted?
menopause ensues
Which subunit is the same for hCG, LH, TSH, and FSH?
alpha subunit
unique beta subunits
What cells have LH receptors? FSH receptors?
LH - theca cells (produce androgens/testosterone)
FSH - granulosa cells (produce estradiol)
What do luteal cells convert cholesterol to?
progesterone
What are the 2 principal ovarian steroids produced?
progesterone and estradiol 17-beta
When can hCG be detected in the urine to indicate pregnancy?
shortly after implantation (about 1 week past first day of expected period)
What is the function of prolactin with milk production? oxytocin?
- prolactin- production of milk
- oxytocin- milk let down
What drug is an estrogen antagonist at the hypothalamus that induces FSH secretion?
clomiphene citrate
Which drug is recombinant human FSH?
follitropin a and follitropin b
Which drugs are urinary derived human gonadotropins?
menotropins (FSH and LH activity)
urofolitropin (FSH activity)
Which drug is a GnRH agonist?
Leuprolide (given pulsatile or non-pulsatile for different outcomes)
Which drugs are GnRH antagonists?
Ganirelix and Cetrorelix
-competitive antagonists
Which is the most predictable part of the menstrual cycle? how many days?
luteal
-14 days
What cancer is increased during early menopause due to unopposed estrogen? (no progesterone)
endometrial cancer
What effects does estrogen have on the production of steroid hormone binding globulin (SHBG)? androgens?
- estrogen - increases SHBG synthesis
- androgen - decreases SHBG synthesis
What are the 3 types of of synthetic progestins? example of each?
- progestanes (Medroxyprogesterone acetate)
- estranes (Norethindrone, Norethindrone acetate)
- Gonanes (more potent at lower doses- Levonorgestrel, Norgestrel)
What male enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)?
5alpha reductase
What is the effect of Finasteride and Dutasteride?
5 alpha reductase inhibitors
What is intracrinology in post-menopausal women?
all estrogens and nearly all androgens are made locally in peripheral target tissues from DHEA
What structures are formed from the Mullerian duct?
fallopian tube, uterus, and upper part of vagina
What effect does testosterone have on the Wolffian ducts?
converted into seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and epididymis (DHT controls prostate development)
Where in the bladder are beta receptors? alpha 1 receptors?
- beta = bladder dome
- alpha1 = trigone (smooth muscle)
What is the effect of alpha agonists on urethra? alpha antagonists?
agonists- increase urethral resistance
antagonists- block urethral contraction
What type of incontinence happens with coughing, sneezing, exertion? treatment?
stress incontinence
tx = kegels, pessaries, topical estrogen, Duloxetine, alpha adrenergic drugs, surgery)
What forms in the male from the cortical cords?
seminiferous tubules, tubuli recti, and rete testis
What is the function of sertoli cells in male development?
stimulated by hCG to produce anti-Mullerian hormone (to suppress development of paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts
What structures are induced by testosterone in the developing system?
Mesonephric duct (epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct)
- phallus elongate into penis
- urogenital folds fuse to form spongy urethra
- ectodermal cord grows in from glans to connect with spongy urethra (urogenital folds)
- labioscrotal swellings form scrotum
What develops from paramesonephric ducts in female?
uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina
What female development is stimulated by estrogen?
- phallus becomes clitoris
- urogenital folds do not fuse (form labia minora)
