Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when primordial/primary follicles are exhausted?

A

menopause ensues

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2
Q

Which subunit is the same for hCG, LH, TSH, and FSH?

A

alpha subunit

unique beta subunits

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3
Q

What cells have LH receptors? FSH receptors?

A

LH - theca cells (produce androgens/testosterone)

FSH - granulosa cells (produce estradiol)

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4
Q

What do luteal cells convert cholesterol to?

A

progesterone

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5
Q

What are the 2 principal ovarian steroids produced?

A

progesterone and estradiol 17-beta

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6
Q

When can hCG be detected in the urine to indicate pregnancy?

A

shortly after implantation (about 1 week past first day of expected period)

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7
Q

What is the function of prolactin with milk production? oxytocin?

A
  • prolactin- production of milk

- oxytocin- milk let down

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8
Q

What drug is an estrogen antagonist at the hypothalamus that induces FSH secretion?

A

clomiphene citrate

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9
Q

Which drug is recombinant human FSH?

A

follitropin a and follitropin b

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10
Q

Which drugs are urinary derived human gonadotropins?

A

menotropins (FSH and LH activity)

urofolitropin (FSH activity)

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11
Q

Which drug is a GnRH agonist?

A

Leuprolide (given pulsatile or non-pulsatile for different outcomes)

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12
Q

Which drugs are GnRH antagonists?

A

Ganirelix and Cetrorelix

-competitive antagonists

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13
Q

Which is the most predictable part of the menstrual cycle? how many days?

A

luteal

-14 days

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14
Q

What cancer is increased during early menopause due to unopposed estrogen? (no progesterone)

A

endometrial cancer

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15
Q

What effects does estrogen have on the production of steroid hormone binding globulin (SHBG)? androgens?

A
  • estrogen - increases SHBG synthesis

- androgen - decreases SHBG synthesis

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of of synthetic progestins? example of each?

A
  • progestanes (Medroxyprogesterone acetate)
  • estranes (Norethindrone, Norethindrone acetate)
  • Gonanes (more potent at lower doses- Levonorgestrel, Norgestrel)
17
Q

What male enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)?

A

5alpha reductase

18
Q

What is the effect of Finasteride and Dutasteride?

A

5 alpha reductase inhibitors

19
Q

What is intracrinology in post-menopausal women?

A

all estrogens and nearly all androgens are made locally in peripheral target tissues from DHEA

20
Q

What structures are formed from the Mullerian duct?

A

fallopian tube, uterus, and upper part of vagina

21
Q

What effect does testosterone have on the Wolffian ducts?

A

converted into seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and epididymis (DHT controls prostate development)

22
Q

Where in the bladder are beta receptors? alpha 1 receptors?

A
  • beta = bladder dome

- alpha1 = trigone (smooth muscle)

23
Q

What is the effect of alpha agonists on urethra? alpha antagonists?

A

agonists- increase urethral resistance

antagonists- block urethral contraction

24
Q

What type of incontinence happens with coughing, sneezing, exertion? treatment?

A

stress incontinence

tx = kegels, pessaries, topical estrogen, Duloxetine, alpha adrenergic drugs, surgery)

25
What forms in the male from the cortical cords?
seminiferous tubules, tubuli recti, and rete testis
26
What is the function of sertoli cells in male development?
stimulated by hCG to produce anti-Mullerian hormone (to suppress development of paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts
27
What structures are induced by testosterone in the developing system?
Mesonephric duct (epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct) - phallus elongate into penis - urogenital folds fuse to form spongy urethra - ectodermal cord grows in from glans to connect with spongy urethra (urogenital folds) - labioscrotal swellings form scrotum
28
What develops from paramesonephric ducts in female?
uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina
29
What female development is stimulated by estrogen?
- phallus becomes clitoris | - urogenital folds do not fuse (form labia minora)