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HRM > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when primordial/primary follicles are exhausted?

A

menopause ensues

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2
Q

Which subunit is the same for hCG, LH, TSH, and FSH?

A

alpha subunit

unique beta subunits

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3
Q

What cells have LH receptors? FSH receptors?

A

LH - theca cells (produce androgens/testosterone)

FSH - granulosa cells (produce estradiol)

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4
Q

What do luteal cells convert cholesterol to?

A

progesterone

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5
Q

What are the 2 principal ovarian steroids produced?

A

progesterone and estradiol 17-beta

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6
Q

When can hCG be detected in the urine to indicate pregnancy?

A

shortly after implantation (about 1 week past first day of expected period)

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7
Q

What is the function of prolactin with milk production? oxytocin?

A
  • prolactin- production of milk

- oxytocin- milk let down

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8
Q

What drug is an estrogen antagonist at the hypothalamus that induces FSH secretion?

A

clomiphene citrate

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9
Q

Which drug is recombinant human FSH?

A

follitropin a and follitropin b

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10
Q

Which drugs are urinary derived human gonadotropins?

A

menotropins (FSH and LH activity)

urofolitropin (FSH activity)

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11
Q

Which drug is a GnRH agonist?

A

Leuprolide (given pulsatile or non-pulsatile for different outcomes)

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12
Q

Which drugs are GnRH antagonists?

A

Ganirelix and Cetrorelix

-competitive antagonists

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13
Q

Which is the most predictable part of the menstrual cycle? how many days?

A

luteal

-14 days

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14
Q

What cancer is increased during early menopause due to unopposed estrogen? (no progesterone)

A

endometrial cancer

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15
Q

What effects does estrogen have on the production of steroid hormone binding globulin (SHBG)? androgens?

A
  • estrogen - increases SHBG synthesis

- androgen - decreases SHBG synthesis

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of of synthetic progestins? example of each?

A
  • progestanes (Medroxyprogesterone acetate)
  • estranes (Norethindrone, Norethindrone acetate)
  • Gonanes (more potent at lower doses- Levonorgestrel, Norgestrel)
17
Q

What male enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)?

A

5alpha reductase

18
Q

What is the effect of Finasteride and Dutasteride?

A

5 alpha reductase inhibitors

19
Q

What is intracrinology in post-menopausal women?

A

all estrogens and nearly all androgens are made locally in peripheral target tissues from DHEA

20
Q

What structures are formed from the Mullerian duct?

A

fallopian tube, uterus, and upper part of vagina

21
Q

What effect does testosterone have on the Wolffian ducts?

A

converted into seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and epididymis (DHT controls prostate development)

22
Q

Where in the bladder are beta receptors? alpha 1 receptors?

A
  • beta = bladder dome

- alpha1 = trigone (smooth muscle)

23
Q

What is the effect of alpha agonists on urethra? alpha antagonists?

A

agonists- increase urethral resistance

antagonists- block urethral contraction

24
Q

What type of incontinence happens with coughing, sneezing, exertion? treatment?

A

stress incontinence

tx = kegels, pessaries, topical estrogen, Duloxetine, alpha adrenergic drugs, surgery)

25
Q

What forms in the male from the cortical cords?

A

seminiferous tubules, tubuli recti, and rete testis

26
Q

What is the function of sertoli cells in male development?

A

stimulated by hCG to produce anti-Mullerian hormone (to suppress development of paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts

27
Q

What structures are induced by testosterone in the developing system?

A

Mesonephric duct (epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct)

  • phallus elongate into penis
  • urogenital folds fuse to form spongy urethra
  • ectodermal cord grows in from glans to connect with spongy urethra (urogenital folds)
  • labioscrotal swellings form scrotum
28
Q

What develops from paramesonephric ducts in female?

A

uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina

29
Q

What female development is stimulated by estrogen?

A
  • phallus becomes clitoris

- urogenital folds do not fuse (form labia minora)

HRM (6 decks)

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