Week 1 Flashcards
What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?
TSH (to thyroid) ACTH (to adrenal cortex) FSH and LH (to ovary and testes) GH (to bone, muscle, and adipose) Prolactin (to mammary gland)
What feedback is the most common with hormones?
negative
What does hormone biochemistry dictate?
how the hormone is produced, stored, and released
How do hormone-receptor complexes mediate the physiological response?
second messenger systems (peptide hormones) or via transcription (steroids)
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones are always proteins, but what can tertiary endocrine hormones be?
proteins (insulin), steroids (glucocorticoids), or amino acids (thyroid hormones)
Is a response rate faster for protein hormones or steroid hormones?
-proteins bind receptor and cause response rapidly (within minutes); steroid hormones take hours
How are hormones removed from circulation?
liver and/or kidney metabolism and bile or urinary excretion
What organs are included in the classic endocrine system?
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, and pancreas
Adrenal cortex secretes 3 main things (mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids); what is the main action of each?
- mineralcorticoids- help regulate BP
- glucocorticoids- help regulate blood sugar and immune
- sex steroids- help regulate reproductive functions
What are the 2 types of acidophils in the pituitary?
somatotrophs (secrete GH and somatotropin)
Mammotrophs (secrete prolactin)
What are the 3 types of basophils in the pituitary?
Thyrotrophs (TSH)
Gonadotrophs (FHS and LH/ICSH)
Corticotrophs (ACTH, MSH)
What are the 3 parts of the adenohypophysis?
pars distalis/ anterior, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis
What is the main product of the paraventricular nucleus?
oxytocin (some ADH)
What is the main product of the supraoptic nucleus?
vasopressin (some oxytocin)
What are the 2 cell types of the parathyroid?
Chief cells (make PTH) and Oxyphil cells (unknown function)
What is required for a clinical diagnosis of GH hyposecretion?
stimulatory test of GHRH-arginine costimulation or insulin tolerance test
What can cause hypersecretion of prolactin?
dopamine inhibitor based drugs or pituitary tumors
What are the 2 types of cells in the parathyroid?
chief cells and oxyphil cells
What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex? Secretions?
Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona reticularis - sex steroids (estrogen and androgens)
What is the most common thyroid malignancy?
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
-little orphan annie eyes and psammoma bodies
What is the most common cause of symptomatic hypercalcemia?
malignancy
What is the most common cause of asymptomatic hypercalcemia?
hyperparathyroidism
What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?
parathyroid adenoma
What cancer has the symptoms of abrupt onset of bone pain?
parathyroid carcinoma (rare)
What is the definition of secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Hyperparathyroidism due to chronic hypocalcemia
-MC cause is renal failure
What are the 4 causes of Cushing’s syndrome?
- Iatrogenic (high cortisol, low ACTH)
- Pituitary = cushing’s disease (high cortisol, increased ACTH)
- Adrenal (high cortisol, low ACTH)
- Paraneoplastic (increased cortisol, high “fake” ACTH)
What is the main lab difference between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism?
- primary = low renin
- secondary = high renin
What rosetters are seen in neroblastoma?
Homer-Wright rosettes (neruopil in center)
What thyroiditis is common after an upper respiratory infection and hurts?
DeQuervain thyroiditis
-abrupt onset of pain in throat radiating to ear; painful and enlarged thyroid with flu-like symptoms
What thyroiditis presents with a hard neck mass with fibrosis?
Reidel’s thyroditis
What is the cell of origin in Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid?
C-cells (sporadic or part of MEN-II)
What is the most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
21 hydroxylase deficiency
What is the bacteria that causes Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?
Neisseria meningitidis
What are the 2 stages of postpartum thyroiditis?
- 1-4 months after delivery: hyperothyroid phase (anxiety, insomnia, palpitations, fatigue, weight loss, irritability)
- 4-8 months: hypothyoid phase (fatigue, weight gain, constipation, dry skin, depression, poor exercise tolerance)
