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HRM > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A 
TSH (to thyroid) 
ACTH (to adrenal cortex) 
FSH and LH (to ovary and testes) 
GH (to bone, muscle, and adipose) 
Prolactin (to mammary gland)
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2
Q

What feedback is the most common with hormones?

A

negative

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3
Q

What does hormone biochemistry dictate?

A

how the hormone is produced, stored, and released

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4
Q

How do hormone-receptor complexes mediate the physiological response?

A

second messenger systems (peptide hormones) or via transcription (steroids)

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5
Q

Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones are always proteins, but what can tertiary endocrine hormones be?

A

proteins (insulin), steroids (glucocorticoids), or amino acids (thyroid hormones)

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6
Q

Is a response rate faster for protein hormones or steroid hormones?

A

-proteins bind receptor and cause response rapidly (within minutes); steroid hormones take hours

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7
Q

How are hormones removed from circulation?

A

liver and/or kidney metabolism and bile or urinary excretion

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8
Q

What organs are included in the classic endocrine system?

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, and pancreas

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9
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes 3 main things (mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids); what is the main action of each?

A
  • mineralcorticoids- help regulate BP
  • glucocorticoids- help regulate blood sugar and immune
  • sex steroids- help regulate reproductive functions
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10
Q

What are the 2 types of acidophils in the pituitary?

A

somatotrophs (secrete GH and somatotropin)

Mammotrophs (secrete prolactin)

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of basophils in the pituitary?

A

Thyrotrophs (TSH)
Gonadotrophs (FHS and LH/ICSH)
Corticotrophs (ACTH, MSH)

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12
Q

What are the 3 parts of the adenohypophysis?

A

pars distalis/ anterior, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

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13
Q

What is the main product of the paraventricular nucleus?

A

oxytocin (some ADH)

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14
Q

What is the main product of the supraoptic nucleus?

A

vasopressin (some oxytocin)

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15
Q

What are the 2 cell types of the parathyroid?

A

Chief cells (make PTH) and Oxyphil cells (unknown function)

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16
Q

What is required for a clinical diagnosis of GH hyposecretion?

A

stimulatory test of GHRH-arginine costimulation or insulin tolerance test

17
Q

What can cause hypersecretion of prolactin?

A

dopamine inhibitor based drugs or pituitary tumors

18
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the parathyroid?

A

chief cells and oxyphil cells

19
Q

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex? Secretions?

A

Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona reticularis - sex steroids (estrogen and androgens)

20
Q

What is the most common thyroid malignancy?

A

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

-little orphan annie eyes and psammoma bodies

21
Q

What is the most common cause of symptomatic hypercalcemia?

A

malignancy

22
Q

What is the most common cause of asymptomatic hypercalcemia?

A

hyperparathyroidism

23
Q

What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

parathyroid adenoma

24
Q

What cancer has the symptoms of abrupt onset of bone pain?

A

parathyroid carcinoma (rare)

25
Q

What is the definition of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Hyperparathyroidism due to chronic hypocalcemia

-MC cause is renal failure

26
Q

What are the 4 causes of Cushing’s syndrome?

A
  • Iatrogenic (high cortisol, low ACTH)
  • Pituitary = cushing’s disease (high cortisol, increased ACTH)
  • Adrenal (high cortisol, low ACTH)
  • Paraneoplastic (increased cortisol, high “fake” ACTH)
27
Q

What is the main lab difference between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism?

A
  • primary = low renin

- secondary = high renin

28
Q

What rosetters are seen in neroblastoma?

A

Homer-Wright rosettes (neruopil in center)

29
Q

What thyroiditis is common after an upper respiratory infection and hurts?

A

DeQuervain thyroiditis

-abrupt onset of pain in throat radiating to ear; painful and enlarged thyroid with flu-like symptoms

30
Q

What thyroiditis presents with a hard neck mass with fibrosis?

A

Reidel’s thyroditis

31
Q

What is the cell of origin in Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid?

A

C-cells (sporadic or part of MEN-II)

32
Q

What is the most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

21 hydroxylase deficiency

33
Q

What is the bacteria that causes Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

34
Q

What are the 2 stages of postpartum thyroiditis?

A
  • 1-4 months after delivery: hyperothyroid phase (anxiety, insomnia, palpitations, fatigue, weight loss, irritability)
  • 4-8 months: hypothyoid phase (fatigue, weight gain, constipation, dry skin, depression, poor exercise tolerance)

HRM (6 decks)

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