Week 1

Question 1

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 1

TSH (to thyroid) 
ACTH (to adrenal cortex) 
FSH and LH (to ovary and testes) 
GH (to bone, muscle, and adipose) 
Prolactin (to mammary gland)

Question 2

What feedback is the most common with hormones?

Answer 2

negative

Question 3

What does hormone biochemistry dictate?

Answer 3

how the hormone is produced, stored, and released

Question 4

How do hormone-receptor complexes mediate the physiological response?

Answer 4

second messenger systems (peptide hormones) or via transcription (steroids)

Question 5

Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones are always proteins, but what can tertiary endocrine hormones be?

Answer 5

proteins (insulin), steroids (glucocorticoids), or amino acids (thyroid hormones)

Question 6

Is a response rate faster for protein hormones or steroid hormones?

Answer 6

-proteins bind receptor and cause response rapidly (within minutes); steroid hormones take hours

Question 7

How are hormones removed from circulation?

Answer 7

liver and/or kidney metabolism and bile or urinary excretion

Question 8

What organs are included in the classic endocrine system?

Answer 8

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, and pancreas

Question 9

Adrenal cortex secretes 3 main things (mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids); what is the main action of each?

Answer 9

• mineralcorticoids- help regulate BP
• glucocorticoids- help regulate blood sugar and immune
• sex steroids- help regulate reproductive functions

Question 10

What are the 2 types of acidophils in the pituitary?

Answer 10

somatotrophs (secrete GH and somatotropin)

Mammotrophs (secrete prolactin)

Question 11

What are the 3 types of basophils in the pituitary?

Answer 11

Thyrotrophs (TSH)
Gonadotrophs (FHS and LH/ICSH)
Corticotrophs (ACTH, MSH)

Question 12

What are the 3 parts of the adenohypophysis?

Answer 12

pars distalis/ anterior, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

Question 13

What is the main product of the paraventricular nucleus?

Answer 13

oxytocin (some ADH)

Question 14

What is the main product of the supraoptic nucleus?

Answer 14

vasopressin (some oxytocin)

Question 15

What are the 2 cell types of the parathyroid?

Answer 15

Chief cells (make PTH) and Oxyphil cells (unknown function)

Question 16

What is required for a clinical diagnosis of GH hyposecretion?

Answer 16

stimulatory test of GHRH-arginine costimulation or insulin tolerance test

Question 17

What can cause hypersecretion of prolactin?

Answer 17

dopamine inhibitor based drugs or pituitary tumors

Question 18

What are the 2 types of cells in the parathyroid?

Answer 18

chief cells and oxyphil cells

Question 19

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex? Secretions?

Answer 19

Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona reticularis - sex steroids (estrogen and androgens)

Question 20

What is the most common thyroid malignancy?

Answer 20

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

-little orphan annie eyes and psammoma bodies

Question 21

What is the most common cause of symptomatic hypercalcemia?

Answer 21

malignancy

Question 22

What is the most common cause of asymptomatic hypercalcemia?

Answer 22

hyperparathyroidism

Question 23

What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 23

parathyroid adenoma

Question 24

What cancer has the symptoms of abrupt onset of bone pain?

Answer 24

parathyroid carcinoma (rare)

Question 25

What is the definition of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 25

Hyperparathyroidism due to chronic hypocalcemia | -MC cause is renal failure

Question 26

What are the 4 causes of Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 26

- Iatrogenic (high cortisol, low ACTH) - Pituitary = cushing's disease (high cortisol, increased ACTH) - Adrenal (high cortisol, low ACTH) - Paraneoplastic (increased cortisol, high "fake" ACTH)

Question 27

What is the main lab difference between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism?

Answer 27

- primary = low renin | - secondary = high renin

Question 28

What rosetters are seen in neroblastoma?

Answer 28

Homer-Wright rosettes (neruopil in center)

Question 29

What thyroiditis is common after an upper respiratory infection and hurts?

Answer 29

DeQuervain thyroiditis | -abrupt onset of pain in throat radiating to ear; painful and enlarged thyroid with flu-like symptoms

Question 30

What thyroiditis presents with a hard neck mass with fibrosis?

Answer 30

Reidel's thyroditis

Question 31

What is the cell of origin in Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid?

Answer 31

C-cells (sporadic or part of MEN-II)

Question 32

What is the most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 32

21 hydroxylase deficiency

Question 33

What is the bacteria that causes Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?

Answer 33

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 34

What are the 2 stages of postpartum thyroiditis?

Answer 34

- 1-4 months after delivery: hyperothyroid phase (anxiety, insomnia, palpitations, fatigue, weight loss, irritability) - 4-8 months: hypothyoid phase (fatigue, weight gain, constipation, dry skin, depression, poor exercise tolerance)