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Skin/Muscoskeletal Final Review > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

0
Q

Where does the gluteus maximus originate & insert?

A

It’s innervated by the inferior gluteal artery & nerve

  • Posterior gluteal line - origin
  • Gluteal tuberosity - insertion
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1
Q

Where do you want to give gluteal injections?

A

Superolateral quadrant

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2
Q

What innervates the tensor fascia lata?

What is the function of the tensor fascia lata?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

-It flexes the thigh & stabilizes the knee in extension

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3
Q

What causes gluteal gait/lurch? (limited hip extension on affected side that is compensated for with hyperextension of trunk

A

Paralysis of the gluteus maximus due to damage of inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)

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4
Q

What causes Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS)?

A

Running/exercise - usually very athletic people - caused by friction

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5
Q

What are the functions of the Gluteus medius & minimus? What happens when the superior gluteal nerve is damaged?

A

They abduct the thigh & steady the pelvis

  • The hip will fall to the opposite side
  • Trendelenberg sign & gait/gluteus medius limp (have patients stand on one leg & switch - if hip falls that leg is damaged)
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6
Q

What is the function of the piriformis? Where does the piriformis originate and insert?

A

It is the strongest lateral hip rotator!
Origin - sacrum
Insertion - greater trochanter of the femur

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7
Q

What innervates the piriformis?

A

Nerve to the piriformis!

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8
Q

What are the four lateral rotators?

A

Superior Gemellus, Obturator internis (can usually only see the tendon), Inferior Gemellus, Obturator externis, Quadratus femoris
-Superior and Inferior Gemellus insert on greater trochanter

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9
Q

Where does the neurovasculature enter the pelvis?

A

Through the greater sciatic foramen!

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10
Q

What is the function of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Hip extensor & knee flexors

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11
Q

What innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Tibial nerve (common fibular for short head of biceps)

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12
Q

What is the function innervation of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator Nerve - Thigh adductors

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13
Q

What is the function and innervation of the anterior compartment?

A

Femoral Nerve - hip flexors, knee extensors

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14
Q

What is a hamstring tear? How is it caused?

A

It is a tear of a muscle from the back of the leg - can be from avulsed ischial tuberosity
-Usually occurs in athletes who run and/or kick hard!

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15
Q

What supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh (blood)?

A

Perforating branches of the deep femoral artery

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16
Q

What originates on the ischial tuberosity?

A

Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, Biceps femoris - the hamstrings

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17
Q

Where does the popliteus tendon attach?

A

Lateral femoral condyle. It does through/under the lateral/fibular collateral ligament, next to the lateral meniscus.

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18
Q

What type of joint is the interosseous membrane?

A

Syndesmosis joint - fibrous joint - unites tibia & fibula

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19
Q

Since the tibia articulates with the femur and bears the weight, what is the function of the fibula?

A

It is an attachment for muscles primarily & also for stability of the ankle joint.

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20
Q

Where does the small saphenous vein originate?

A

The popliteal vein!

21
Q

What are vericose veins? How to treat?

A

Spider veins are a milder form. They are when valves of the vein become incompetent and the blood pools superficially.
Treatment: exercising calf muscle (it pumps the blood), contracting the calf muscles, wearing compression stockings/TED stockings

22
Q

How do you still get blood to the knee while bypassing the femoral artery?

A

Through the lateral circumflex femoral - it goes into a system of genicular anastomosis - this also helps deliver blood when the knee has been bent for an extended period of time

23
Q

What is a baker’s cyst and what causes it?

A

It is a swelling of fluid from the knee joint (synovial cavity). It can be caused by osteoarthritis & many other forms of arthritis.
-It results from chronic irritation and inflammation of the knee joint that increases fluid in the joint capsule

24
Q

What is a popliteal aneurysm?

A

It usually occurs in older men, the popliteal artery is distended and it rarely has symptoms. It usually doesn’t rupture but if a blood clot happens it can cut off blood flow to the foot and cause amputation. You can put a sleeve on it to fix the rupture.

25
Q

What are the compartments of the lower leg?

A

Lateral, anterior, posterior

26
Q

What muscles Plantarflex the foot at the ankle?

A

Muscles of the posterior compartment

27
Q

Where does the gastrocnemius originate?

A

Medial & lateral condyles of the femur

28
Q

What is tennis leg?

A

Rupture of the medial head of the gastrocnemius. It usually occurs in poorly conditioned people over 40. It is caused by sudden, abrupt changes in direction to bring about a tear in the calf muscle.

29
Q

Where does the Soleus originate & what is its function?

A

It does most of the plantarflexion. It originates on the soleal line of the tibia, fibula and interosseus membrane.

30
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Infalmmation of a tendon, most common is Achilles/Calcaneous. It occurs as a result of repetitive activities. Tendon rupture occurs in poorly conditioned people with tendonitis.

31
Q

What nerve root does the tibial nerve come from?

A

S1 & S2 - it causes the achilles tendon reflex.

32
Q

What is the function of the popliteus?

A

It rotates the femur on the fixed tibia about 5 deg to unlock it when knee is fully extended.

33
Q

What is the order of the muscles in the deep compartment of the posterior leg?

A

Medial to lateral: Dick, tom, harry (down to hug)

Flexor digitorum longus, Posterior tibialis, Flexor hallicus longus

34
Q

What is the function of the flexor digitorum longus?

A

It plantarflexes the ankle joint & flexes the lateral 4 toes

35
Q

What is the function of the tibialis posterior?

A

It plantarflexes the foot & inverts the foot

36
Q

What does the fibular artery supply?

A

The lateral compartment of the leg

37
Q

Lambert-Eaton Syndrome:

A

Autoimmune disease, specific type of VG Ca+ channels are attacked –> thus patients have decrease in Ca2+ triggered NT release –> Shows as muscle weakness where if you repetitively stimulate, the weakness will go away - weakness improves with repeated contraction

38
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

-Autoimmune disease - antibodies against Nicotinic-ACh receptor –> causes rapid muscle fatigue

39
Q

What do pesticides & tear gases cause?

A

SLUDGE

40
Q

What activates AMPA and NMDA?

A

Glutamine

41
Q

What is a nicotinic (ACh) receptor?

A
  • 2 ACh molecules bind to active sites & cause the channel to open
  • Non selective Cation channel
42
Q

What is a GABA channel?

A

Releases GABA, Cl- ion & causes IPSP (Inhibitory post-synaptic potential)

43
Q

How to treat pesticide?

A

Put in an anticholinesterase (neostigmine, pyridostigmin, edrophonium)

44
Q

What is Melarsoprol and what is it used to treat?

A

“Arsenic in antifreeze” - used to treat African sleeping sickness that has crossed the blood-brain barrier buct 5-10% of people who take it get reactive encephalopathy & half die

45
Q

What are the symptoms of Onchoceriasis?

A

(River blindness)
-Hyperpigmented skin, SEVERE itching, eye lesions, skin lesions, Keratitis (inflam. of cornea), blindness, opaque eyes, thin skin, nodules under the skin filled with parasites

46
Q

What does Ivermectin do?

A
  • Used for Onchoceriasis
  • Orally administered
  • Prevents blindness (but can’t reverse it), long term skin damage & transmission
47
Q

What causes Babesiosis?

A 
Ixodes scapularis 
-Endemic in rural US
-Transferred by Deer Tick
-Fever, chills, malaise, night sweats, loose of appetite, no rash
Treatment: Atovaquone
48
Q

What causes Leishmaniasis?

A
  • Leishmanie (protozoan), Sand fly, Causes ulcerative skin lesions
  • Can get visceral if you have HIV
  • Liposomal Amphoteracin B is used to treat visceral version
49
Q

Where do people usually get Tocoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)?

A

CATS - 25% of US infected. It can also come from unwashed produce and uncooked meat.

  • Usually asymtomatic or flu-like symptoms
  • Can cause focal brain disorder or Ocular Toxoplasmosis
  • “Headlight in fog” lesion with scars in one eye
50
Q

When do we treat Toxoplasmosis?

A

In pregnant woman (so it doesn’t pass to baby) - Spiramycin

Immunocompromised - Sulfadiazine & Pyrimethamine

Skin/Muscoskeletal Final Review (8 decks)

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