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Skin/Muscoskeletal Final Review > First Aid > Flashcards

First Aid Flashcards

0
Q

What is the 2nd function of the teres minor?

A

It adducts the arm

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1
Q

What muscles laterally rotate the arm?

A

Infraspinatus & Teres Minor

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2
Q

How is the infraspinatus commonly injured?

A

Pitching Injury

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3
Q

What is the function of the subscapularis?

A

Medially rotates and adducts the arm

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4
Q

What two muscles abduct the arm?

A

Initially, the subscapularis and then the deltoid.

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5
Q

What is the most commonly injured site of the rotator cuff?

A

The supraspinatus

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6
Q

What nerve does carpal tunnel compress?

A

Median nerve

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7
Q

How can the radial nerve be compressed in the armpit?

A

It can be compressed by improper use of a crutch

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8
Q

What can be lesioned by a mid-shaft fracture of the humerus?

A

The radial nerve that’s tucked in the spinal groove.

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9
Q

What nerve goes over the lateral epicondyle?

A

Radial Nerve

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10
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

A

Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis

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11
Q

What forms the long thoracic nerve?

A

(goes to the Serratus Anterior) -C5, C6, C7

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12
Q

What does damage to the posterior cord of the brachial plexus cause?

A

Wrist drop

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13
Q

What happens if the Musculocutaneous nerve is damaged?

A

You’ll have difficulty flexing the elbow & variable sensory loss

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14
Q

What can happen when the ulnar nerve is damaged?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the hands are affected, causes claw hand (“Pope’s blessing”)

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15
Q

What is “Saturday night palsy”?

A

When the radial nerve is compressed for an extended period of time

  • This causes problems in BEST = Brachioradialis, Extensors of the wrist and fingers, Supinators, Triceps
  • Causes wrist drop
  • Changes sensory info in the posterior arm & dorsal hand & thumb
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16
Q

What happens when the lower trunk of the brachial plexus is compressed?

A

Klumpke’s palsy/Thoracic outlet syndrome/TOTAL CLAW HAND

  • Usually embryologic or childbirth defect affecting inferior trunk
  • Extra cervical rib may cause it
  • Atrophy of thenar & hypothenar eminences & interosseous muscles
17
Q

What do Lumbrical muscles do?

A

They flex the hand at the MCP joint!

18
Q

PED

A

Peroneal Everts & Dorsiflexes

-If this nerve is injured, foot dropPED (dorsiflex = extend foot)

19
Q

TIP

A

Tibial Inverts & Plantarflexes

-If injured, can’t stand on TIPtoes

20
Q

What are the thin lines along the Z line?

A

Actin

21
Q

What are the structures emanating from the M line?

A

Myosin!

22
Q

What band doesn’t ever shorten?

A

A band (myosin) = always same length

23
Q

How to remember Type 1 muscle fibers?

A

“One slow red ox”

-Slow twitch, red fibers (due to inc. mitochondria & myoglobin conc.) -> sustained contraction (high oxidative phosphorylation)

24
Q

What are type 2 muscle fibers?

A

Fast twitch - white fibers due to dec. mitochondria & myoglobin con. (inc. anaerobic glycolysis) - weight training results in hypertrophy of fast-twitch muscle fibers

25
Q

What is the process of endochondral ossification?

A

Longitudinal bone growth - Cartilaginous model of bone is first made by chondrocytes. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts later replace with woven bone and remodel to lamellar bone.

26
Q

Where are osteoblasts from?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells in the periosteum

27
Q

How does membranous ossification occur?

A

Flat bone growth (skull, facial bones, and axial skeleton) Woven bone formed directly without cartilage. Later remodeled to lamellar bone.

28
Q

What is achondroplasia?

A

Failure of longitudinal bone growth (endochondrial ossification) -> short limbs (remember giraffe)

  • Membranous ossification not affected (still have large head)
  • Most mutations occur sporadically & are associated with advanced paternal age
  • Common cause = dwarfism
  • Autosomal-dominant inheritance
29
Q

What is osteopetrosis?

A

Marble bone disease -> failure of normal bone resportion! -> thickened, dense bones that are prone to fracture!!

  • Due to abnormal function of osteoclasts
  • Calcium, phosphate & alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are normal
  • Small marrow space leads to = anemia, thrombocytopenia, infection, inc. extramedullary hematopoiesis
30
Q

Osteomalacia/rickets?

A
  • Defective mineralization/calcification of osteoid -> soft bones
  • Vit D deficiency in adults -> dec. Ca2+ -> Inc. sec. PTH -> Dec. serum phosphate.
  • Reversible if Vit D is replaced
  • Vitamin D deficiency in childhood = causes Rickets
31
Q

What is Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans) caused by?

A

Increase in osteoblastic & osteoblastic activity

  • Abnormal bone architecture (Mosaic bone pattern)
  • Serum Ca2+, phosphate & PTH levels are normal
  • Increased ALP (alkaline phosphatase)
32
Q

What two conditions of bone are not associated with any changes in Calcium, ALT, PTH and phosphate in the serum?

A

Osteoporosis & Osteopetrosis

33
Q

What do lab values look like for Osteomalacia/rickets?

A

Calcium is low, Phosphate is low, PTH is high

34
Q

What lab value is abnormal in Paget’s disease?

A

Increased ALP

35
Q

Where does multiple myeloma start?

A

Plasma cells of bone marrow - help your body fight infection by producing proteins called antibodies

36
Q

What does pemphigus vulgaris look like?

A

crusted, denuded, weepy erythematous plaques

-chest, breast abdomen & arms

37
Q

What does bullous pemphigoid look like?

A

Tense bullae and urticarial plaques - blisters filled with clear yellow fluid and red lesions

38
Q

What does osteogenesis imperfecta look like?

A

Abnormal collagen synthesis, results from a variety of gene mutations and causes brittle bones & connective tissue malformations - blue sclera caused by connective tissue probs

39
Q

What is Raynaud’s disease?

A

Distal cyanosis that occurs after contact with a cold object - there may be bilateral or unilateral occurances of white or purple fingers

40
Q

What type of tumor is Ewing’s sarcoma?

A

Malignant tumor of bone that occurs in children

-Characterized by (11:22) translocation that results in the fusion gene EWS-FL11

Skin/Muscoskeletal Final Review (8 decks)

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