First Aid Flashcards by Kayla Schenheit

What is the 2nd function of the teres minor?

It adducts the arm

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What muscles laterally rotate the arm?

Infraspinatus & Teres Minor

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How is the infraspinatus commonly injured?

Pitching Injury

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What is the function of the subscapularis?

Medially rotates and adducts the arm

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What two muscles abduct the arm?

Initially, the subscapularis and then the deltoid.

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What is the most commonly injured site of the rotator cuff?

The supraspinatus

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What nerve does carpal tunnel compress?

Median nerve

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How can the radial nerve be compressed in the armpit?

It can be compressed by improper use of a crutch

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What can be lesioned by a mid-shaft fracture of the humerus?

The radial nerve that’s tucked in the spinal groove.

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What nerve goes over the lateral epicondyle?

Radial Nerve

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What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis

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What forms the long thoracic nerve?

(goes to the Serratus Anterior) -C5, C6, C7

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What does damage to the posterior cord of the brachial plexus cause?

Wrist drop

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What happens if the Musculocutaneous nerve is damaged?

You’ll have difficulty flexing the elbow & variable sensory loss

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What can happen when the ulnar nerve is damaged?

Intrinsic muscles of the hands are affected, causes claw hand (“Pope’s blessing”)

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What is “Saturday night palsy”?

When the radial nerve is compressed for an extended period of time

This causes problems in BEST = Brachioradialis, Extensors of the wrist and fingers, Supinators, Triceps
Causes wrist drop
Changes sensory info in the posterior arm & dorsal hand & thumb

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What happens when the lower trunk of the brachial plexus is compressed?

Klumpke’s palsy/Thoracic outlet syndrome/TOTAL CLAW HAND

Usually embryologic or childbirth defect affecting inferior trunk
Extra cervical rib may cause it
Atrophy of thenar & hypothenar eminences & interosseous muscles

What do Lumbrical muscles do?

They flex the hand at the MCP joint!

PED

Peroneal Everts & Dorsiflexes

-If this nerve is injured, foot dropPED (dorsiflex = extend foot)

TIP

Tibial Inverts & Plantarflexes

-If injured, can’t stand on TIPtoes

What are the thin lines along the Z line?

Actin

What are the structures emanating from the M line?

Myosin!

What band doesn’t ever shorten?

A band (myosin) = always same length

How to remember Type 1 muscle fibers?

“One slow red ox”

-Slow twitch, red fibers (due to inc. mitochondria & myoglobin conc.) -> sustained contraction (high oxidative phosphorylation)

What are type 2 muscle fibers?

Fast twitch - white fibers due to dec. mitochondria & myoglobin con. (inc. anaerobic glycolysis) - weight training results in hypertrophy of fast-twitch muscle fibers

What is the process of endochondral ossification?

Longitudinal bone growth - Cartilaginous model of bone is first made by chondrocytes. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts later replace with woven bone and remodel to lamellar bone.

Where are osteoblasts from?

Mesenchymal stem cells in the periosteum

How does membranous ossification occur?

Flat bone growth (skull, facial bones, and axial skeleton) Woven bone formed directly without cartilage. Later remodeled to lamellar bone.

What is achondroplasia?

Failure of longitudinal bone growth (endochondrial ossification) -> short limbs (remember giraffe) - Membranous ossification not affected (still have large head) - Most mutations occur sporadically & are associated with advanced paternal age - Common cause = dwarfism - Autosomal-dominant inheritance

What is osteopetrosis?

Marble bone disease -> failure of normal bone resportion! -> thickened, dense bones that are prone to fracture!! - Due to abnormal function of osteoclasts - Calcium, phosphate & alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are normal - Small marrow space leads to = anemia, thrombocytopenia, infection, inc. extramedullary hematopoiesis

Osteomalacia/rickets?

- Defective mineralization/calcification of osteoid -> soft bones - Vit D deficiency in adults -> dec. Ca2+ -> Inc. sec. PTH -> Dec. serum phosphate. - Reversible if Vit D is replaced - Vitamin D deficiency in childhood = causes Rickets

What is Paget's disease (osteitis deformans) caused by?

Increase in osteoblastic & osteoblastic activity - Abnormal bone architecture (Mosaic bone pattern) - Serum Ca2+, phosphate & PTH levels are normal - Increased ALP (alkaline phosphatase)

What two conditions of bone are not associated with any changes in Calcium, ALT, PTH and phosphate in the serum?

Osteoporosis & Osteopetrosis

What do lab values look like for Osteomalacia/rickets?

Calcium is low, Phosphate is low, PTH is high

What lab value is abnormal in Paget's disease?

Increased ALP

Where does multiple myeloma start?

Plasma cells of bone marrow - help your body fight infection by producing proteins called antibodies

What does pemphigus vulgaris look like?

crusted, denuded, weepy erythematous plaques | -chest, breast abdomen & arms

What does bullous pemphigoid look like?

Tense bullae and urticarial plaques - blisters filled with clear yellow fluid and red lesions

What does osteogenesis imperfecta look like?

Abnormal collagen synthesis, results from a variety of gene mutations and causes brittle bones & connective tissue malformations - blue sclera caused by connective tissue probs

What is Raynaud's disease?

Distal cyanosis that occurs after contact with a cold object - there may be bilateral or unilateral occurances of white or purple fingers

What type of tumor is Ewing's sarcoma?

Malignant tumor of bone that occurs in children | -Characterized by (11:22) translocation that results in the fusion gene EWS-FL11