Week 2

Question 0

Hod many neurons are required to conduct impulses in the ANS?

Answer 0

Both divisions of the ANS conduct impulses from the CNS to the effector organ using a series of two multipolar neurons.

Question 1

How many neurons are required to pass impulses in sensory & somatic motor innervation?

Answer 1

Passage of impulses from CNS to the sensory ending or effector organ involves a single neuron

Question 2

Where are pseudounipolar neurons located?

Where are multipolar neurons located?

Answer 2

Dorsal/posterior root

Ventral/anterior root

Question 3

Where does the sympathetic preganglion neuron synapse?

Answer 3

On the post ganglionic neuron outside of the central nervous system in teh autonomic ganglion. Then it travels through the spinal nerve, ventral ramus, white ramus communicans and into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

Question 4

Where are sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

Answer 4

CNS from T1-L2

Question 5

Where are parasympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

Answer 5

Craniosacral - they are located in the CNS at CN III, CN XII, CN IX, CN X and S2, S3, S4

Question 6

Where are postganglionic sympathetic nerve cell bodies located?

Answer 6

Sympathetic chain ganglia

Question 7

What are the 4 options for preganglionic neurons?

Answer 7

1. ascend to higher level
2. terminate with postsyn neurons of ganglion at that spinal level
3. transverse the sympathetic trunk without terminating - form splanchnic (visceral) nerves
4. descend to terminate at a lower Paravertebral level

Question 8

Where are preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies located?

Answer 8

Intermediolateral cell column

Question 9

How many white rami communicates are present in the body?

Answer 9

28 - 14 pairs of white rami associated with spinal cord segments T1-L2

Question 10

How do paravertebral ganglia receive their innervation?

Answer 10

White rami

Question 11

Where do postganglionic sympathetic neurons to the head have their cell bodies?

Answer 11

Paravertebral ganglia

Question 12

What nerve supplies the prevertebral (pre-aortic) ganglia with preganglionic neurons?

Answer 12

Splanchnic nerves

Question 13

What do the cells of the adrenal medulla (of adrenal gland) secrete?

Answer 13

Epinephrine

Question 14

What do preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system release?

Answer 14

ACh! -that binds to nicotinic receptors.

Question 15

What happens to ACh in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 15

It binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic nerves and nicotinic receptors on the adrenal medulla. Then the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine which binds to the beta2 receptor (inhibitory) on the lungs which cause the lungs to relax!

Question 16

What do post-synaptic sympathetic neurons release?

Answer 16

NE that binds to beta1 receptor on the heart (causing it to beat fast) & alpha1 receptor on the blood vessel (causing it to constrict).

Question 17

In the parasympathetic nervous system, what do postganglionic nerve fibers relase? What does it bind and do?

Answer 17

ACh - it binds muscarinic receptors of the lungs, heart & blood vessels - causes rest & digest (slower heart rate, dilated blood vessels, etc.)

Question 18

Where are gray communicating ramus and white communicating ramus?

Answer 18

Gray - all spinal nerves (there are 62 - 31 pairs)

White - T1-T12 & L1-L2

Question 19

If upper trunk of brachial plexus is damaged, what signs & symptoms do we see?

Answer 19

Muscocutaneous nerve – innervates the biceps & other flexors - there will be weakness in ability to flex the forearm at the elbow

Question 20

What connects the ventral primary ramus to the sympathetic chain ganglia?

Answer 20

The communicating rami