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Entm 1000 midterm 1 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

when did DED become a problem in north america and when in manitoba

A

In the 1970s
Most eastern north american elms killed by new strain of DED

arraived in manitoba in 1975

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2
Q

what causes DED

A

the fungus ophiostoma novo-ulmi

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3
Q

what are the symptoms of DED

A

Yellow flagging (july/august)
Wilting, canopy die-back
Tree death

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4
Q

what does the DED fungus do to trees

A

Fungus that infects water-conducting vessels (xylem) of tree resulting in blockage
-Seen as staining when bark removed
-Fungus lives in the xylem

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5
Q

how does the DED fungus move between trees

A

Fungus may move between neighboring trees through root graphs

Bark beetles carry spores from tree to tree

Long distance transmission by humans moving infected wood

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6
Q

how long does the DED fungus take to kill a tree

A

Tree canopy wilts and tree dies within 1-2 years

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7
Q

what is DED’s vector in manitoba

A

the native elm bark beetle, hylurgopinus rufipes

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8
Q

what is the life cycle of the native elm bark beetle

A

May
Beetles emerge from base of tree and fly to feed on healthy elms

Early summer infection from beetles feeding in spring
Yellow flagging as a result

June
Beetles move to dying and dead elms & elm firewood to lay eggs
Brood development

August
New generation of beetles fly to healthy elms to feed

October
Beetles migrate to base of healthy elms over winter

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9
Q

why do elm bark beetles only lay eggs in dead or dying trees

A

Can only live in dead/dying trees because have to live in floem
Living trees can kill them

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10
Q

how do bark beetles breed and attract mates

A

Fly to bark of tree and make little tunnel
Release pheromones which attract males

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10
Q

in what pattern do bark beetles lay eggs and what are these galleries called

A

Make horizontal gallery across bark (maternal gallery)

Eggs laid in gallery
-Hatch in about a week
-Larvae tunnel out parallel to initial gallery (larval gallery)

Whole gallery called brood gallery

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10
Q

when do DED spores transfer to bark beetle larvae

A

Spore transfer in pupation chamber
Attach to adult who can transport

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11
Q

what do bark beetle larvae do after emergence

A

Fly to trunks of healthy elms and make feeding tunnels in bark
‘Leapfrog’ down tree and make feeding tunnels lower
Spend winter in lowest feeding tunnel
Emerge next spring and fly to elm canopy to feed
-Transmission of spores

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12
Q

what is the annual percentage elm loss rate in most NA cities

A

18%

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13
Q

what is the annual elm loss rate in winnipeg

A

3-4%

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14
Q

what are the 2 main reasons winnipeg loses less elms than other cities

A

biology and management

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15
Q

when do DED spores enter elm trees

A

when beetle feeds on thin bark of canopy twigs and spores make contact with xylem

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16
Q

what makes the manitoba vector bark beetle not transmit as many spores as in warmer areas

A

they aquire DED spores in mid-summer in brood galleries and feeds on canopy twigs in following spring

During this long period
-Many beetles die
-Many beetles lose spores

In vector species in warmer areas
-Beetles emerge as spore-bearing adults and begin feeding in tree canopy immediately
- don’t have to wait till spring

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17
Q

what are some things we do to manage DED

A

Limit movement and storage of elm wood
Remove unhealthy elm trees
No pruning of elm trees april-july
Diversification of urban forest
Periodic injections of fungicide into specimen trees
Remove infected elm trees
Manage beetle populations

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18
Q

how are infected elm trees removed

A

Surveys conducted in july and august
Symptomatic trees tagged
Tagged trees removed following winter to prevent transmission

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19
Q

should infected elm trees be removed rapidly or the following winter and why - what are the trade offs

A

Beetles can leave newly-diseased trees before winter removal
Rapid removal associated w/ lower infection rates
Difficult to implement in large municipalities

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20
Q

how have beetle populations been managed historically

A

Spraying bases of boulevard elm trees with insecticides to kill overwintering beetles
- used chlorpyrifos

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21
Q

what is the history of chloryprifos spraying for managing beetle populations

A

In 1970s most canadian used chlorpyrifos

By 2001, most cities had no elm trees
Basal spray not economic
Winnipeg can’t use for turf insects

By 2023 chlorpyrifos banned due to unsupplied safety data
Insects can no longer be managed by basal spraying

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22
Q

where should basal spraying be done on trees to manage beetle populations

A

Recommended basal spraying be done on lower 50cm of trunk of tree more than 10cm in diameter

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23
can beetles detect trees with DED before humans
Fungus causes tree to send out volatile chemicals in june that attract breeding beetles before we see symptoms beetles need dying trees to breed
24
when do beetles emerge from newly infected trees after larvae and how many contain spores
Late august and september 91% carry spores
25
how many elm trees has winnipeg kept
Of its original 600,000 American elm trees, Winnipeg has retained about ⅓ after 48 years of DED, which is an excellent track record.
26
do all infected elm trees contain many beetles
no, 20% contain 90% of beetles
27
how to identify infected elm trees for rapid removal
Should itdentify 20% of trees with most beetles Rapid removal would remove 90% of beetles and feasible Remove remaining trees over winter Indicators based on canopy inspections
28
what are some of the definining characters of beetles (coleoptera)
Hardened forewings called elytra Biting, chewing mouthparts Holometabolous
29
why are elytra useful and whats under them
Membranous hind wings, concealed under elytra when at rest Protected by elytra Allow beetles to live in rugged environments
30
what are some defining features of ground beetles
Antennae thread-like, 11 segments Prothorax is middle compartment Elytra cover all of abdomen and meso and meta thorax 5 tarsal segments on all legs
31
where are ground beetles found
Occur from manitoba and minnesota south and east to the atlantic coast Live on lakeshores and river banks w/ limestone slabs Adults hide under stones during day
32
when are ground beetles active
Adults active on surface at night
33
what is the difference between male and female ground beetles
Male Front tarsi flattened and broadened Needed to grip females when mating Female Front tarsi cylindrical
34
how can you tell how old a ground beetle is
new beetles Look shiny Old beetles Look dull from going around rocks
35
where do ground beetles lay eggs
cemented to rocks
36
what are some parts of a ground beetles larvae
Head capsule Thorax w/ 3 pairs of legs Long abdomen Urogomphi -Little things stick out back of abdomen Anal tube -Used to secrete glue and hold onto rocks
37
how can you determine what instar a ground beetle larvae is in
Larval instar determined by width of head capsule
38
what is dyars rule
Ratios of dimensions of sclerotized organs of adjacent instars are relatively constant
39
what do ground beetle pupae look like at different stages
New pupa with larval exuvia Small eye spots Close to time of adult emergence Bigger eyes, pigment on parts
40
what are ground beetles like after emergence from pupa
Very fragile and get harder over time
41
what is the seasonal pattern of ground beetles in manitoba
Dull adults in may Mating in june/july -Larvae appearing New generation appear in august and disappear in september
42
what do ground beetles eat mid-summer
diet dominated by fishflies (ephemeroptera) They live and develop under lake Emerge above lake and casts exuvia -Dead adults -Exuviae from emergence -Blowfly larvae feeding on above
43
what do ground beetles eat in spring and late summer
Fragments of other insects found in gut
44
why is the lake useful for finding food
Lakes conveyor belts bringing food to beach-dwelling insects Insects falling from above -Fall in lake and wash up on shore Emerging from lake bottom
45
where do ground beetles go in september
Beetles aggregate in gravel mixed with leaf litter at top of beach -Where wind blows leaf litter, wind blows snow
46
how do ground beetles get food in winter
Frozen lakes also conveyor belts -Snow blows off ice and accumulates at top of beaches -Same place adults aggregated
47
are ground beetles freezing tolerant or intolerant and why
Does not survive freezing but doesn’t freeze at temperatures above -7c -Antifreeze in blood
48
where do ground beetles stay over winter
Relies on finding protected winter habitats for for winter survival -Under snow where it is warmer -Why they don’t live on riverbanks as much (not as much snow)
49
how do ground beetles know when to start entering reproductive state
Day length is cue that initiates reproductive physiology
50
how do carabid beetles defend themselves
heavily armored and use chemical defences
51
what is the pygidium and where is it located on a carabid beetle
Pygidium (end bit) Abdominal segments 7-10 of carabid beetles Normally somewhat hidden (tucked in)
52
what are the pygidial glands and where are they located on a carabid beetle
glands that produce defensive chemicals located on pygidium
53
what are some parts of the pygidial glands in general for carabid beetles
Secretory lobes Secrete liquid into collecting canal Collecting canal Puts liquid into reservoir Muscular reservoir Where liquid is reserved for use Efferent duct Where muscular reservoir liquid goes out of
54
what is special about caradbid beetles with thin walled resevoirs
excretion oozes on the surface of beetle Makes beetle distasteful Outlet is a simple pore in abdominal surface
55
how do beetles with muscular reservoirs excrete chemicals
Can forcibly contract Sprays secretion for tens of centimeters Outlet can be extruded into a nozzle aim spray towards enemy
56
what is the typical chemical composition of a carabid beetle irritant
>90% irritant and <10% surfactant
57
what is a surfactant and why do carabid beetles have it in their chemicals
Surfactant is material that causes liquid to spread over surfaces Spreads out irritant and spreads over surface of beetle
58
what is the most common form of irritant in carabid beetles
formic acid
59
what kind of irritant do harpalus use
Defensive secretion 95% formic acid
60
MSDS for formic acid
Very hazardous for skin contact, eye contact or ingestion Skin contact produce burns Liquid or spray mist may damage mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and respiratory Inhalation of spray mist produce severe irritation of respiratory, coughing, choking, shortness of breath
61
what kind of irritant do pterostichus use
90% methacrylic acid
62
MSDS for methacrylic acid
Hazardous irritant for skin, eye, ingestion, inhalation
63
what kind of irritant do Chlaenius cordicollis (manitoba ground beetle) use
96% 3-methylphenol
64
MSDS 3-methyphenol
Very hazardous for skin contact, eye contact, igestion, inhalation
65
what type of irritant do brachinus (bombardier beetle) use
100% quinones
66
MSDS for quinones
Extremely hazardous for eye contact Very hazardous for skin contact, inhalation
67
what kind of irritant does Anthia, the oogpister beetle use and how does it work
Formic acid in directed spray Project by muscular reservoir Not directly from ant food Aposematic (warning) colouraction Mimicry Other species mimic
68
how far can bombardier beeetle spray
explosively 20cm
69
what do the accessory glands do in a bombardier beetle
Secrete enzymes Catalase & peroxidase Changes irritant to very potent one and produces heat
70
what happens in a bombardiers explosion chamber
Heat releasing chemical reaction in reaction chamber (100c) Benzoquinone Pressure release valve When not under pressure its closed Enough pressure valve opens
71
what are the steps for bombardier beetle to spray acid
1. Inlet valve opens, charging reaction chamber 2. Valve closes, enzymes are released 3. Heat-producing reaction brings liquids to boil 4. Pressure increase opens pressure relief valve 5. Reduced pressure causes steam explosion 6. Spray is released through aimed nozzle 7. Temperature and pressure drop, relief valve closes 8. Repeat steps 3-7 about 500 times/second 9. Repeat steps 1 and 2 when necessary
72
what kind of irritant secrestion does chlaneius cordicollis have
Muscular reservoirs that can spray secretion 30cm 3-methyl phenol
73
what else can chlaenius cordicollis use irritant secretion for
Evidence defensive secretion also used in sexual communication
74
why do carabid beetles use defensive chemicals for other functions
metabolically expensive to produce

Entm 1000 midterm 1 (4 decks)

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