week 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what makes insects so dominant today
A
numerical dominance, wide distribution, reproductive potential, long evolutionary history
2
Q
how many species are insects
A
53%
3
Q
how many animals are insects
A
75%
4
Q
how many described insect species
A
1 mil
5
Q
how many estimated insect species
A
2-10 mil
6
Q
how many ants per person
A
1.6 mil
7
Q
how many locusts in swarm
A
1 bil
8
Q
how much more insect biomass than vertebrate in brazilian rainforest
A
9 times more
9
Q
1 out of how many animal species is a beetle
A
4
10
Q
what is most diverse family of animals
A
rove beetles
11
Q
how many rove beetle species
A
61000
12
Q
what percent of all biomass is arthropods
A
42%
13
Q
how many total insects
A
10 quintillion
14
Q
5 hospitibal places insects found
A
Lightless caves
Petroleum fields
Floating algal mats in ocean
40 species of flies in antarctica
Hot springs
15
Q
what environment doesn’t contain many insects
A
ocean
16
Q
what is interesting about termite queen
A
30000 eggs/day
live 12-20 yrs
17
Q
1 pair of house flies would result in how many after 5 months
A
190 quintillion
18
Q
single aphid from march to august would result in how much biomass
A
800 million tons
19
Q
how long insects been around
A
400 mil years
20
Q
why have insects been so successful over history
A
small size, flight, exoskeleton
21
Q
what do insects decompose
A
plants, other organic matter, dead bodies, feces
22
Q
how is insect decomposition beneficial
A
improves soil condition, animal decomp used in forensic investigations
23
Q
animals (especially insects) responsible for pollinating what percent of wild flowering plants
A
80%
24
Q
global insect pollination value for 100 most important commodity crops how much per year
A
250 bil
25
who eats insects
animals in almost all terrestrial and freshwater aquatic ecosystems ( including humans)
26
what is biomimetic technology
Incorporating insect builds in our own technology
27
what are some natural products insects make
Silk
Honey
Beeswax
Propolis
Royal jelly
Venom
Medicinal value
Dyes
Shellac
Bioactive compounds
Resource insects
28
why are insects good research subjects
Insects small
-Easy to maintain
High reproductive rates
29
what areas of research are insects used in
Bioindicators
Ecology
Evolution
Toxicology
Genetics
Physiology
30
what makes an insect a pest
Nuisances of humans, pets and livestock
Damage crops, forests, human homes/products/possessions
Transmit disease
31
what percent of insects are pests
1%
32
what percent of insects serious pests
0.1%
33
what can insects destroy / be pests to
agriculture and forestry
-Can destroy plant and fruit and transfer disease
Veterinary pests and human pests
Damage to buildings, stored food, fiber, manufactured products
34
what insects are pests of agriculture and forestry
Planthopper
Aphids
Wheat midge
Forest tent caterpillar
35
what are some Veterinary pests and human pests
Stable fly
Mosquito
Tick
Wasp
36
what are 2 types of pest control
Natural predators and parasitoids
insecticide
37
insect Decomposition of plant
and other organic
matter is a vitally
important _____
ecosystem service
38
what is a parasitoid
insects who lay eggs inside of other insects which eventually kill the insect
39
why is taxonomy important
forms foundation of all other studies of biology
40
what is goal of taxonomists
knowing everything about data on species characteristics, natural history and nomenclature
Gather as much info on their own species as possible
41
what is a species concept
philosophical idea of What a species is
42
what is the biological species concept
If 2 individual in a population can mate and produce same offspring, they are species
Only works for sexual species
43
what is species delimitation
Science of recognizing species
Finding boundaries of where one species ends and one begins
44
what is species identification (specimen identification)
Assigning specimens/individuals to an existing species name
Routine identification of specimens
45
3 types of new species
new to us - found
new to the world - evolved
species concepts (what is a species)
46
how do we classify insects and who does this
Classify them into increasingly specific groups
taxonomists do it
47
some important insect grouping names
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
48
what type of insect grouping name always ends in oidea
Superfamily
49
what type of insect grouping name always ends in idae
family
50
what type of insect grouping name always ends in inae
subfamily
51
what type of insect grouping name always ends in ini
tribe
52
why should you use caution with common insect names
Don’t always have the same rules as scientific names
Can talk about 2 different species with same name
Names like fly and bug are used for insects in multiple orders
Not all common names neutral (may be offensive)
53
how many words do most common family names have
2 words
54
what does the common name containing a seperated common order name (eg. house fly) indicate about the insect
the insect is actually in that order
55
what is the most under documented type of living things based on how many species they have
insects
56
what do taxonomists keep track of
Specimens
-Maintenance of collection (historical record of biodiversity) typically role of taxonomists
Characteristics
-Study and comparison of species traits’
Literature
-Taxonomists read and keep track of old literature other biologists ignore
-Need to understand how our understanding of species changed over time
Names
-Taxonomists keep track of nomenclature, to ensure stable system of communication
57
What is a taxonomists vast knowledge about a type of insect useful for
Invasive species identification
Species conservation
- knowing where insects are more widely distributed
agriculture
- need to distinguish pests and predators
medicine
- need to know what bit you and whats harmful
58
where to find new species
Can go to remote areas and tropical rainforests
-Almost certain to find new species
Look closer to home
-Many undescribed species everywhere
Insect fossils and amber
59
what are some basic tools for collecting insects
sweeping nets
aspirators
vile
60
what are some tools for catching aquatic insects
Dip nets
D-nets
Dump into tray
Use pipettes, forceps to extract samples
61
name 4 methods of collecting insects
Hand collecting
Beat sheeting
malaise trap
pitfall traps
cores and funnel traps
pan traps
black lighting
canopy fogging
emergence traps
trap nests
62
what is beat sheeting
White or black depending on insect you want
Hit things and insects drop on sheet
63
what is malaise trap
Flying insects
Insects hit panel and fly up into container
Kind of like tent
64
what is pitfall trap
catches Ground crawling insects and arthropods
Hole with little plastic cup and collection inside
Rain cover
65
what are core and funnel traps
catches Soil fauna
Throw soil and leaves into trap
Heat on top
Insects funnelled into bottom trap
66
what are pan traps
Pan with water
insects go in
good for bottom of malaise trap
67
why is black light useful for finding insects
White sheet behind
Scorpions florece
67
what are trap nests
For bees and wasps
Let insects occupy themselves
good for finding parasites
67
what is Canopy fogging
Beat net but with insecticide
good for getting insects high in trees
68
can you find insects in snow
yes
69
what are Emergence traps
funnel above water or soil
funnels insects emerging from water or soil into collection
70
do people identify all the insects the collect? where do they go?
no, Not enough time or expertise
go into museums
71
why are museum collections important
Reference collection
-Collection of biodiversity
-Repository for types
Teaching collection
Historical record
Wealth of undescribed species
72
how do you know a species is undescribed
Expertise in taxon
-Need to know everything that is old
Taxonomic characters
Literature search
73
what taxonomic characters do you use to know an insect is new
Morphological
-Different external or internal characters
Behavioral
-Eg. Different phenology, Different host
Genetic
-Different sequences
74
what literature do you search to identify new species
Biodiversity heritage library
Greatly facilitated by databases
-taxapad, universal chalcidoidea database
75
what are 2 types of key shape whats better
Fan shaped (best)
Comb shaped
76
whats in a species description
Diagnosis
Synonyms
Material examined
Description
Physical description
Distribution
Variation
Etymology
Images & illustrations
Key to species
77
who gets to name new species and what names can you use
Author of paper
Some rules, mostly based on good taste
Can’t use offensive name
