Week 1 Flashcards
6 characteristics of arthropods
joint legs, segmented bodies, exoskeleton, ventral nerve cord, dorsal heart, bilateral symmetry
3 body regions of insect
head, thorax, abdomen
parts of head
antennae, mouthparts, eyes
what are antennae for
Motion
Smell
Balance
Touch
vibration/sound
types of mouthparts
chewing, sucking, sponging, combination
parts of chewing mouthparts
labrum, mandibles, labium
types of combination mouthparts
piercing-sucking, cutting-sponging
difference between compound and simple eyes
how do compound eyes control amount of light
pigment
insect eye size day vs. night
role of thorax
power/movement centre
parts of thorax
pro, meso, meta
where are wings located
meso, metathorax
parts of insect legs
Trochanter
Coxa
Femur
Tibia
Tarsus
Claw
modifications to insect legs
Swimming
Catching
Digging
Running
Jumping
role of abdomen on outside
Spiracles
ovipositors/copulatory structures
Setae (hairs)
Cerci
Ears (tympanum)
role of abdomen internally
Reproductive organs
Digestion and excretion
Food reserves
3 parts of insect digestive system
foregut, midgut, hindgut
use of foregut
Food Intake
Storage In the crop
Grinding
Transport through the rest of the digestive system
parts of foregut
Mouth
Pharynx
Crop
Salivary gland
proventriculus
use of midgut
Digestion
Absorption
parts of midgut
Gastric caecum - Where enzymes are released (for digestion)
Ventriculus - Kind of like stomach (lots of digestion/absorption)
use of hindgut
Removal of digestive and metabolic wastes
Reabsorption (mostly water)
parts of hindgut
Malpighian tubule
For excretion
-Kind of like kidneys in humans
-Float around and filter waste in homoglyph (blood)
-Lots of little tubes
Ileum
Rectum
anus
parts of respiratory system
Tracheae & Tracheoles
Air sacs
Spiracles
difference between human and insect circulatory system
closed vs open
what does hemolymph transport
Nutrient transport
Hormone transport
Waste transport
what side insect heart located
dorsal
parts of insect circulatory system
Dorsal vessel
-Aorta portion
-Heart portion
Dorsal diaphragm
Ventral diaphragm
Ostia
hemolymph
parts of insect nervous system
Brain
Ventral nerve cord (paired)
Neurons with ganglia
-Where nerves connect
male insect reproductive parts
Testes
Accessory glands
female insect reproductive parts
Ovaries
Where eggs are stored
Spermatheca
Where they store sperm
3 reproductive methods
Sexual
-Fertilized embryos produce male + -female offspring
-Most cases
Asexual - parthenogenesis
-Female produce more females w/o mating
-Aphids during spring + summer
Haplodiploidy
-Combination of sexual + asexual
-Unfertilized eggs are male, fertilized = female
what is insect outer part called
integument
parts of integument
cuticle, epidermis
role of cuticle and whats it made of
Composed primarily of chitin
Ranges from hard and inflexible to soft and stretchable
Mostly dead
On outside
role of epidermis and where located
Produces cuticle
Skin
Under cuticle
role of integument
Body support (exoskeleton)
Muscles attach to it
Movement
Physical protection
Prevents water loss
Wax layer to keep moisture inside
Sensory
Growth
Pigmentation
extensions of integument
spines, setae, scales, sensilla
whats the stages of moulting
Old exoskeleton digested
New skeleton formed beneath old
Old skeleton shed
Stretching
Tanning
when does insect growth occur
during juvenile via moulting
what is metamorphosis
a change in form
what is moulting and what is exuvia
Casting of cuticle to allow growth
Only sheds outer layer
Exuvia = cast cuticle
what is instar and what happens
Form of the insect between moults
No growth occurs
what happens during metamorphosis or development
Transformation from immature to adult
Wings and reproductive organs fully developed
Full expression of adult traits
3 types of metamorphosis and what they mean
Ametabolous - no metamorphosis
Hemimetabolous-incomplete metamorphsis
Holometabolous - complete metamorphosis
what kind of metamorphosis has pupa
holometabolous
what kingdom do insects belong to
animalia
what phylum do insects belong to
arthropoda
what class do insects belong to
insecta
how many orders of insects
27 + 3 non-insect hexapods
what characteristics are used to classify insects
antenna, legs, wings, development patterns
how many orders have ametabolous development
2 + 3 non-insect hexapods
what do ametbolous insects all not have
no wings
Archaeognatha(Jumping bristletails
ametabolous
~ 500 species
Found under leaf litter, dead wood, rocks, bark
Body covered in fine scales
Three tail-like appendages
Zygentoma(Silverfish and firebrats)
ametabolous
~400 species
Certain species found in households - considered pests
Destroy book and clothes
Body covered in fine scales
3 tail-like appendages
how many types of non-insect hexapods
3
what characterizes non-insect hexapods
Arthropods w/ 6 legs but not insects
Small, wingless soil dwelling arthropods
mouthparts sunken into head
Protura
non-insect hexapod
~700 described species
Diplura
non-insect hexapod
~1000 described species
collembola
non-insect hexapod
~8000 described species
name
Coll = glue
Embola = wedge
Most abundant soil dwelling
hexapods
how many orders of hemimetabolous insects
14
Ephemeroptera(Mayflies)
hemimetabolous
~3000 described species
Only insects that molt after wings functional
Indicator of water health
nymphs feed on algae and other aquatic material
non-feeding adults
Odonata(Damselflies and dragonflies)
hemimetabolous
~6000 described species
Aquatic juvenile stage, terrestrial adult stage
predatory as juveniles and adults
plecoptera(stoneflies)
hemimetabolous
~2000 described species
aquatic juvenile stage, terrestrial adult stage
some predatory species, some herbivorous
dermaptera(earwigs)
hemimetabolous
~2000 described species
easily identified by forecep-like cerci at tip of abdomen
feed primarily on decaying organic matter
orthoptera(grasshoppers, crickets and katydids)
hemimetabolous
~22000 described species
make noise by rubbing legs together
Primarily herbivorous, but some predators
many agricultural pests
Phasmatodea(Walking sticks and leaf insects)
hemimetabolous
~3000 species
Predominantly tropical distribution
Mimic vegetation features
herbivorous
one species in manitoba
Mantodea(Mantids)
hemimetabolous
~2300 species
Ambush predators with raptorial forelegs
Blattodea(cockroaches and termites)
hemimetabolous
cockroaches
~4000 species
blattodea
hemimetabolous
primarily tropically distributed nocturnal scavengers
small number of human pest species
termites
blatodea
hemimetabolous
~2600 described species
Feed on cellulose rich material (wood)
Social, with polymorphic caste system
Queen, worker, soldier
Critical decomposers in many ecosystems
Psocodea(lice)
chewing and sucking
bark and book
hemimetabolous
chewing & sucking lice
Psocodea order
aka (phithiraptera)
~5000 species
Ectoparasites of birds and mammals
hemimetabolous
bark and book lice
hemimetabolous
psocodea order
aka psocoptera
~11000 species
feed on plant material
thysanoptera(thrips)
~6000 described species
Narrow hair-fringed wings
Primarily plant feeders but some predators and parasites
hemimetabolous
hemiptera(True bugs, cicadas, hoppers, aphids, whiteflies, scales, psyllids, mealybugs)
~100000 species
All have piercing and sucking mouthparts
hemimetabolous
many pest species and important natural enemies
true bugs
aka heteroptera
hemiptera order
Predators, omnivores and plant feeders
Hemelytron - thickened forewing w/ membranous tip
Many pests and natural enemies
hemimetabolous
many aquatic species
Aphids, whiteflies, scales, psyllids
aka sternorrhyncha
hemiptera order
hemimetabolous
Plant feeders
Many pest species
cicadas and hoppers
aka auchenorrhyncha
hemiptera order
hemimetabolous
plant feeders
many pest species
Embioptera and zoraptera (Webspinners and angel insects)
~400 and 30 described species respectively
hemimetabolous
Notoptera(Rock crawlers &heelwalkers)
Rock crawlers
-26 species
-1914 in banff
heelwalkers
-Few described species
-2002 namibia
-Can find in glaciers
how many holometabolous orders
11
Neuroptera(Lacewings, owlflies and antlions)
~6500 species
Chewing mouthparts
Predatory larvae, variable adult diets
Many natural enemies (green & brown lacewings)
holometabolous
Siphonaptera(Fleas)
~2600 species
Ectoparasites of mammals
Laterally compressed body
Wingless
All feed on blood
Good jumper
Can transmit disease
holometabolous
Trichoptera(Caddisflies)
~13000 described species
Moth-like adults but wings hairy not scaly
Aquatic juvenile stage, terrestrial adult stage
Diverse larval feeding habits
Larvae build cases
Indicator of water quality
holometabolous
Lepidoptera(Butterflies, skippers and moths)
~160000 described species
Scales cover much of body and wings of adults
Herbivore larvae, nectar feeding adults
Many pests and pollinators
All chewing mouthpart as larvae
caterpillar
holometabolous
Moth vs Butterfly
Moth
-Antenna threadlike or feathery
-Adults nocturnal
-At rest wings cover back in ridge shape
Butterfly
-Antenna like golf club
-Adults diurnal
-At rest wings stand upright on back of body
diptera(True flies)
~150000 described species
One pair of wings
Hind wings reduced, modified into halteres
Larvae maggot like
Many pests and natural enemies and beneficial insects
Some have piercing sucking mouth, some have sponging
Many aquatic larvae
Incredibly diverse and extreme habitats
holometabolous
Coleoptera(Beetles)
~350000 described species
Forewing modified into hardened elytra
Also have soft hindwing
All have chewing mouthpart
Primarily herbivores or predators but also scavengers and parasites
Many aquatic species
Many pests and natural enemies and beneficial insects
Hymenoptera(Wasps, bees, ants and sawflies)
~115000 described species
~75% are parasitoids of other insects
Likely Most beneficial order of insects
pollination, natural products and pest control
Chewing mouthpart
holometabolous
Megaloptera(Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies)
~300 described species
Aquatic predators
holometabolous
Raphidioptera(Snakeflies)
~220 described species
Adults are terrestrial predators
Large mobile head used to get prey like snake
holometabolous
Mecoptera(Scorpionflies)
~550 known species
Vertically elongated face
Terrestrial predators
Large insects
2cm
Males have scorpion-like abdomen
holometabolous
Strepsiptera(Twisted-wing parasites)
~600 described species
Parasites of other insects, mostly hymenoptera and hemiptera
Extreme sexual dimorphism
Male & female very different
holometabolous
