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Entm 1000 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

why do insects move

A

Access resources
-Food
-Shelter
-Mates
-Oviposition (where to lay offspring)
Avoid crowding
Ecological escape
-Escape from adverse environment
Escape predators

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2
Q

what are the only true invertebrates that can fly

A

insects

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3
Q

what are some examples of passive flying

A

Mites that hitchhike on other insects
Ballooning on silk (spiders, caterpillars)

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4
Q

how long ago were first flying insects and what were they

A

400 mil yrs ago
pterygota

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5
Q

when did first cockroaches (flying) evolve

A

350 mil yrs ago

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6
Q

when did first dragonflies evolve

A

300 mil yrs ago

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7
Q

why were insects so much bigger 300 mil yrs ago

A

There was more vegetation which created lots of oxygen

Their way of getting oxygen is more passive which means higher oxygen made them bigger

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8
Q

when were first beetles true flies and flying pterosaurs (dinosaur thing) evolved

A

250 mil yrs ago

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9
Q

when were first birds and gliding lizards evovled

A

150 mil yrs ago

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10
Q

when were most modern insect orders and first bats evovled

A

50 mil yrs ago

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11
Q

how fast do insects generallu fly

A

Most are slow with some very fast for very short distance

Horse fly can fly 98km/h for very short distance
Butterfly & honeybee can fly 5km/h

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12
Q

what is wing polyphenism

A

genetically same insect can have different kinds of wings

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13
Q

what are macropterous insect morphs

A

Full wings developed can fly

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14
Q

what are Brachypterous insect morphs

A

have partial wings

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15
Q

what are apterous insect morphs

A

no wings

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16
Q

what insect orders exibit wing polyphenism

A

most orders

ie. orthoptera, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera

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17
Q

what is polyphenism in insects in general

A

Different phenotypes (morphs) determined by environmental conditions (not genetic)

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18
Q

what type of insect often exibits polyphenism

A

aphids

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19
Q

what are the 2 phenotypes of aphids

A

Alate adult (has wings)
Apterous adult (no wings)

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20
Q

why do alate aphids have wings

A

Find new resources (food and plants)
Spread new areas
Avoid crowding
If too many, next generation will have wings

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21
Q

why do apterous aphids have no wings

A

Lay more offspring
Exploitation of food and reproduction

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22
Q

what happens in the aphid life cycle

A

Have different forms (morphs) at different times of the year but genetically identical
- mostly Based on day lengths
Move between hosts (plants) during the seasons
-Different plants
-migrate

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23
Q

what are some ways insects orient themselves

A

Sun compass
polarized skylight
eaths geomagnetic field
local landmarks

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24
Q

how do insects (and what kind) use sun compass for orientation

A

Use suns position to know where they are
Constant heading relative to sun’s azimuth
Endogenous chronometer - internal clock
-Know when sun comes up
Butterflies

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25
Q

what types of insects use polarized skylight to orient

A

Bees, ants, crickets, flies, butterflies

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26
Q

what types of insects use earths geomagnetic field to orient

A

Dragonflies and butterflies

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27
Q

why do insects use local landmarks to orient themselves

A

For drift compensation (wind that deviates them)

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28
Q

what is the flight boundary layer

A

what divides wind insects can move faster than and can’t

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29
Q

what is insect flight within flight boundary layer

A

Zone where flight speed > wind speed
They can choose where they go because they can fly faster than wind

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30
Q

what do insects do when flying above flight boundary layer

A

Visual cues from ground indicate backward motion
-Insects turn and fly downwind
-Or go to ground and wait for wind to die down
Can’t choose where they go

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31
Q

what is it called when insects fly within flight boundary layer

A

directed flight

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32
Q

what is it called when insects fly above flight boundary layer

A

flight is downwind

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33
Q

what is non-migratory insect flight used for and what is it like

A

Used to find daily resources
Flight is responsive to local cues
Flight duration is often short
Turns and stops are frequent
Flights typical occurs within the boundary layer
Flight type is directed

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34
Q

what is migratory insect flight used for and what is it like

A

Used to find new resources; ecological escape
Flight is not responsive to local cues
Flight duration often long and persistent
Turns and stops are infrequent
Flight typically occurs within or above the boundary layer
Flight type is directed or downward

35
Q

where did insect migratory flight originate and what orders is it common in

A

Originated independently multiple times
Common in odonata, orthoptera and lepidoptera

36
Q

what are some experiments done that found how common insect migration is

A

Nets attached to planes at 4600m over LA collected 210 families of 18 insect orders and 2 orders of spiders and mites
Live grasshoppers found at sea 1500 km from land

37
Q

what type of flight do monarch butterflies exhibit in migration

A

directed flight

38
Q

what do bright colors on monarch butterflies indicate

A

they are toxic

39
Q

why are monarch butterflies toxic

A

feed on milkweed which is toxic plant

40
Q

what is monarchs summer feeding range

A

all over us and southern canada

41
Q

where do eastern vs western monarch butterflies go during winter roosting

A

Roosts are communal on evergreen trees
All go to a small area

Eastern population in mexican mountains
Western population on coastal S. california

42
Q

what reproductive state are monarchs in during winter roosting and are they in true hibernation

A

Insects are in reproductive diapause

Not true hibernation
-Active on warm days

43
Q

where do overwintered monarchs go during spring migration and how fast

A

Overwintered insects fly north and lay eggs on milkweed, then die

Northern flight up to 30 km/h

44
Q

when does northern expansion of monarchs continue to

A

wherever milkweed continues until Fall migration and reproductive diapause triggered by environmental cues

45
Q

what environmental cues trigger monarch Fall migration and reproductive diapause

A

Shorter days
Variable temperatures (cool nights)
Decreasing food and plant quality

46
Q

how long and fast is fall migration in monarchs (do they rest)

A

~3000km, averaging 20-94 km/day
Roost communally often for 2+ days

47
Q

how do monarchs orient during fall migration

A

sum compass / polarization light /

48
Q

what did henry bates discover and when

A

first observations of mimicry in mid 1850s on amazon expedition

many similar brightly marked butterflys immune to predators

49
Q

what is aposematism

A

Warning coloration, signaling danger or unpalatability (usually toxic)

Common adoption of colors that warn of danger is prevalent in many animal taxa

50
Q

what is mimicry and why is it used

A

Resemblance of a mimic to a model

Mimic gets protection from predation

51
Q

what is batesian mimicry

A

System with 3 players:

model
-inedible/distasteful/dangers
Displaying warning coloration
mimic
-edible; displaying warning coloration
Observer (dupe)
-Predator

52
Q

what evolution process explains evolution of most forms of mimicry

A

Positive adaptive process, increasing fitness of mimics

Classical natural selection adequately explains the evolution of most forms of mimicry (higher chances of surviving if developed)

53
Q

what happens when batesian mimics become more common relative to model species

A

mimicry is less effective

predators adapt

Negative frequency-dependent selection

54
Q

what is polymorphic batesian mimicry and why is it useful

A

Mimic with more than one model species

Balances risk of becoming too common
-Unlikely predators will adapt to all mimic forms

55
Q

give an example of polymorphic batesian mimicry

A

Ex. african butterfly
12 female mimics, males 1 color

56
Q

what is mullerian mimicry

A

Both Model and mimic are distasteful and display warning coloration

Both species are models and mimics

57
Q

why is mullerian mimicry so successful

A

Rarity of each species has no impact on success, since individuals of each species defended in some way

58
Q

give an example of mullerian mimicry

A

Ex. Repeated evolution in overlapping mimicry rings among north american velvet ants
They all resemble each other and are toxic

59
Q

what is visual mimicry

A

Form of mimicry most obvious to observers
Observers duped by physical appearance of mimic

60
Q

what is wasmannian mimicry

A

Mimic resembles model along with which it lives (inquiline) in a nest or colony

61
Q

what is myrmecomorphy

A

type of wasmannian mimicry

Mimicking ants to live in nest
Very common
Spiders, beetles, mantis, hoppers
Allows good protection (ants very successful)

62
Q

what is aggressive mimicry

A

Predators or parasites which share same characteristics as harmless species
Avoids detection by prey

63
Q

what is reproductive mimicry

A

Actions of observer (dupe) directly aid the mimics reproduction

64
Q

give an example of reproductive mimicry

A

Ex. Orchid mimicry
Wasps think orchid is a mate and tries to mate
Pollinates orchid
Deceit pollination
pseudocopulation

65
Q

what is automimicry

A

One part of organisms body resembles another part

66
Q

what is Intraspecific variation of toxicity and an example

A

Danaus chrysippus feeding on toxic and less toxic milkweeds
Depending on what larvae feed on, some might be toxic some might not be in same species

67
Q

what is sexual mimicry

A

Males mimic females or vice versa

68
Q

what is emsleyan mimicry and why is it useful

A

Deadly prey mimic less dangerous species

Allows predators to know you are to be avoided but still have a deadly defense mechanism

If too deadly without mimicry, predators won’t learn, just die

69
Q

what is avoidance mimicry

A

warning/startle displays
Eye spots

70
Q

give an example of avoidance mimicry

A

Larva of hemeroplanes triptolemus moth

Capable of expanding anterior body segments to give appearance of snake w/ simulated eyes
Extends to point where it will harmlessly strike at potential predators

71
Q

what is crypsis

A

Resemblance of background or inedible objects

72
Q

what is camouflage

A

takes a form resembling its surroundings

73
Q

give some examples of species using crypsis

A

Phasmatodea
-Avoid predators
Peppered moth

Spurge spanworm moth

Indomalayan orchid mantid
-Avoiding prey detection
-Looks like orchid

74
Q

what is masquerade or mimesis

A

resembling an object from environment

75
Q

give some examples of what insects resemble when using masquerade or mimesis

A

Sticks, thorns, poop

76
Q

what is pseudocopulation

A

behaviour that mimics copulation but does not involve any sexual union

77
Q

what are some benefits of monarch migration

A

larval food and nectar
avoidance of lethal winter conditions

78
Q

what are some costs of monarch migration

A

predation risk
- have to educate predators about toxicity

energetic costs of flying

79
Q

why do desert locusts migrate

A

crowding

80
Q

what is desert locust synchronization

A

Pheromones that hasten development of other individuals

makes sure they all develop at same time

81
Q

what are to forms of desert locusts (polyphenism)

A

gregarious form
solitary form

82
Q

what are desert locusts like in their gregarious form

A

darker/yellowish
More active
Long wings
More robust
Happens when more of them and need to migrate

83
Q

what are desert locusts like in their solitary form

A

Green
Less robust
When theres less of them

84
Q
A

Entm 1000 (3 decks)

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