Week 4

Question 1

What are the five P’s of labour?

Answer 1

Passenger, Passageway, Powers, Position, Psychological response​

Question 2

What is the first stage of labour?

Answer 2

Begins with regular contractions, ends with full cervical dilation​

Question 3

What are the phases of the first stage of labour?

Answer 3

Latent phase (up to 5 cm)
Active phase (5 to 8 cm)​

Question 4

What is the second stage of labour?

Answer 4

Begins with full cervical dilation (10 cm), ends with the baby’s birth​

Question 5

What are the phases of the second stage of labour?

Answer 5

Latent phase (passive descent)
Active phase (active pushing)

Question 6

What is the third stage of labour?

Answer 6

Placental separation and expulsion

Question 7

What is the fourth stage of labour?

Answer 7

Postpartum care for mother, newborn, and family​

Question 8

What are common signs preceding labour?

Answer 8

Lightning (relieve some pressure on the mother’s diaphragm and make it easier to breathe, but it can increase pressure on the bladder)
backache
bloody show
energy surge​ (sudden increase in physical energy that some women experience shortly before labor)

Question 9

What is cervical effacement?

Answer 9

Thinning of the cervix as it prepares for birth​

Question 10

What factors influence pain perception during labour?

Answer 10

Culture, anxiety, previous experience, gate-control theory​

Question 11

What are nonpharmacological methods of pain management?

Answer 11

Breathing techniques, massage, water therapy​

Question 12

What are pharmacological pain management options?

Answer 12

Sedatives, opioids, nerve blocks (e.g., epidural, spinal)​

Question 13

What is the purpose of Leopold’s manoeuvres?

Answer 13

To assess fetal position and presentation​

Question 14

What is the Ferguson reflex?

Answer 14

The urge to bear down during labour

Question 15

What is the importance of maternal position during labour?

Answer 15

Relieves fatigue, improves circulation, and increases comfort​

Question 16

What is the Ritgen manoeuvre?

Answer 16

A technique to control the birth of the baby’s head during the second stage​

Question 17

What are signs of placental separation?

Answer 17

Uterus changes shape, cord lengthens, vaginal fullness​

Question 18

What is intradermal water block?

Answer 18

Injections of sterile water to reduce back pain during labour

Question 19

What are the risks of epidural anaesthesia?

Answer 19

Hypotension, impaired breathing, postdural puncture headache​

Question 20

What is the difference between synclitism and asynclitism?

Answer 20

Synclitism: The fetal head is aligned with the maternal pelvis.

Asynclitism: The fetal head is tilted sideways​

Question 21

What are the signs of false labour?

Answer 21

Irregular contractions, no cervical changes​

Question 22

What is the function of the amniotic sac?

Answer 22

Protects the fetus, cushions it from external pressure, and helps with the process of labour​

Question 23

What are potential complications during the third stage of labour?

Answer 23

Retained placenta, excessive bleeding, uterine inversion​

Question 24

What is the role of the mother’s psychological response during labour?

Answer 24

Anxiety, fear, and cultural expectations can affect the experience and perception of pain​

Question 25

How does the fetal heart rate change during labour?

Answer 25

Heart rate may fluctuate due to uterine contractions, but should remain within normal ranges​