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247 - Fundementals of the Cardiorespiratory System > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

2 main functions of the lymphatic system

A

1) Fluid regulation

2) Immune System

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2
Q

Fluid regulation & recycling fluid

A

20L per day is moved into interstitium, only 17L of excess fluid is reabsorbed by lymphatic capillaries

One-way valves and muscle pumps help to squeeze “lymph” back to venous system

There are lymph node “checkpoints” along the way of recycling lymph back to bloodstream

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3
Q

Drained fluid is dumped back into the subclavian veins via the

A

1) Drained by Right lymphatic duct = fluid in upper right side of body

2) Drained by Thoracic duct = everything else/ everywhere else in body

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4
Q

First line of defence?

Examples?

A

barriers to prevent infection

  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Hair
  • Stomach acid
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5
Q

Second line of defence?

Examples?

A

general responses to infection

  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells
  • Complement system
  • Inflammation
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6
Q

1st and 2nd line of defence are __________

what does this mean?

A

“Innate”

Generalized broad response

No memory

Responds very quickly

Preventative

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7
Q

Third line of defence?

Examples

A

Immunity against specific pathogens

  • Lymphocytes (T and B cells)
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8
Q

3rd line of defence is __________

“what does this mean?

A

“specific”

 More directed and specific response

 Antigen specific defence (reading/recognizing the antigens on the surface of invaders)

 Slower response

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9
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocyte cells eat other cells

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10
Q

Phagocyte cells

A

 type of WBC

 Defence against pathogens

Digests foreign invaders to protect the body

 2 primary types of phagocytes:
1) Neutrophils
2) Macrophages

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11
Q

Neutrophils

A

 In the blood

 First responders because they move very quick

 Role is to release toxic substances and enzymes

 Lifespan is short

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12
Q

Macrophages:

A

 Bigger than neutrophils, so they move slower

 Involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses

 Present antigens to T-cells and signals to T-cells what to do

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13
Q

Natural Killer Cell:

A

 Type of WBC

 Second line of defense

 Critical to innate immune system

 Recognize and eliminate any cells that look out of the ordinary

 Move very quickly and attack very quickly by releasing toxins

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14
Q

Interferon Proteins:

A

A protein secreted by a virus infected body cell, protein then goes to surrounding cell and covers it to prevent virus from then entering that cell

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15
Q

Compliment Protein:

Main roles?

A

 Crucial to Innate immune response

 2 Main roles:
1) Makes viruses more recognizable so phagocytes see them more clearly
2) Create membrane attack complexes – they create cores in the membranes of the target cells, ultimately creating cell death

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16
Q

T Cells

A
  • Type of lymphocyte
  • Fight pathogens directly, cell to cell
  • Recognize the antigens that are on macrophage membrane
  • Each T-Cell is specific to a certain antigen based on the certain receptors/sensors they have on their body
  • Become “activated” by specific pathogens  Once T-Cell recognizes the antigen, they ACTIVATE which means they rapidly expand and produce clones which creates a large population of identical cells based on the antigen that’s there
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17
Q

Killer Cells

A

Responsible for killing antigens (cell to cell combat)

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18
Q

Helper T cell

A

Stimulate T and B cells and help activate other immune cells

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19
Q

Suppressor T cell

A

Inhibits T and B cells, makes sure we don’t go overboard with immune response

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20
Q

Memory T Cell

A

Remembers the antigen for future encounters

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21
Q

B Cells

A
  • Fight pathogens indirectly
  • Activated by specific antigens, either activated by:
    o Direct activation from the antigen presented on the microphage
    o Indirectly activated based on communication from Helper T Cell
  • 2 Types
    o Plasma Cell – produce large quantities of antibodies
    o Memory Cell – after infection is cleared, remember immune response and antigen
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22
Q

2 types of B cells

A

o Plasma Cell – produce large quantities of antibodies

o Memory Cell – after infection is cleared, remember immune response and antigen

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23
Q

Primary VS Secondary Response

A

 Primary: Slower + weaker response (first time seeing/fighting specific pathogen)

 Secondary: Occurs much faster + more robust, a lot more antibodies produced (recognizes)

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24
Q

Endocrine System

A

 Nervous system uses electron chemical signaling (action potential, neurotransmitters) whereas the endocrine system uses ONLY chemicals

 regulates activity by negative feedback

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25
Q

Hormones

A

 produced by specialized cells

 cells secrete hormones into extracellular fluids

 regulates the activity of other cells

 blood transfers hormones to target sites

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26
Q

Chemistry of hormones

A

1) Amino acid based (non-steroid) – 2nd messenger system
 amino acid hormones work a little more quickly (text message)

2) Lipid based (made from cholesterol) – direct gene activation
 more like an energy storage unit
 works more slowly (letter in mail)

27
Q

Autonomic Centers

A

 Has control over endocrine cells in adrenal medulla

 Sympathetic division stimulated

28
Q

Adrenal Medulla releases:

A

1) Epinephrine (EPI)

2) Norepinephrine (NE or Norepi)

29
Q

Adrenal Glands sits on top of kidneys, has two regions:

A

1) Adrenal cortex
- Mineralocorticoids
- Glucocorticoids
- Sex hormones
2) Adrenal medulla
- Catecholamines

30
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Part of the Adrenal Glands

  • Mineralocorticoids
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Sex hormones
31
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Part of the adrenal glands

  • Catecholamines
32
Q

Pancreas

A

located close to stomach in upper abdominal cavity

  • Has endocrine gland = insulin and glucagon
  • Has exocrine gland = digestion of food
33
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Inability of pancreas to produce insulin

34
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Resistance to insulin (body still makes it), exercise may reverse

35
Q

Kidney:

A

 blood enters kidney through renal artery

 “Nephrons” filter the blood to form urine

 At rest, kidney gets 21% of blood flow (1L blood flows through the kidneys each minute)

 gets rid of waste products and holds on to water, electrolytes and glucose

36
Q

Hyperhydrated

A

too much water in body

 will release “Atrial natriuretic peptide” (ANP) which will decrease re-absorption of kidney meaning will pee a lot more

37
Q

Dehydrated

A

not enough water in body

 will release ADH and Aldosterone which will increase reabsorption at kidney

38
Q

Catecholamine

A

 Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase rate of depolarization
 speeds up heart rate
 increases contractility
 Elevated levels, as seen during exercise = Vasodilation
 Excessively high levels, as seen during hemorrhagic shock = Vasoconstriction

39
Q

Vasodilation vs Vasoconstriction

A

Vasoconstriction = Excessively high levels of Catecholamine, as seen during hemorrhagic shock

Vasodilation = Elevated levels of Catecholamine, as seen during exercise

40
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

 Increased levels: Elevated heart rate and contractility
 Has a much longer impact than epi or norepi

  • Abnormally high levels lead to tachycardia
41
Q

ADH

A

 a potent arteriolar vasoconstrictor

 Important during severe blood loss (hemorrhage)

 During exercise, helps to minimize water loss

42
Q

Renin-angiotensin system

A

 control system that helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance

 Renin is team leader as it starts process off, is released when body senses blood pressure is low

 Angiotensinogen is the messenger, then becomes angiotensinogen 2, and 2 is like the construction team as it goes to the blood vessels and create the reaction we do need

 Angiotensinogen acts directly on blood vessel stimulating vasoconstriction raising blood pressure

 Aldosterone acts on kidneys stimulating reabsorption of salt and water

43
Q

Angiotensinogen 2

A

 potent vasoconstrictor

 important during hemorrhaging (severe blood loss)

 partially responsible for increase in blood pressure, seen in patients with hypertension

44
Q

T/F: When taking a blood pressure measurement, the top number is the diastolic pressure.

A

False

45
Q

Diastolic pressure is the pressure recorded, usually from the brachial artery, while the ventricles are relaxing.

A

True

46
Q

Which of the following is incorrect?

A - the pumping action of the heart helps to push venous blood back to the heart

B - In the arterial system, blood moves from areas of high to low

C - Systolic pressure should be higher than diastolic pressure

D - The further away from the heart, the lower the mean arterial pressure becomes

A

A - the pumping action of the heart helps to push venous blood back to the heart

47
Q

Theoretically, how does compliance affect blood pressure?

A - the lower the compliance, the greater the blood pressure

B - The greater the compliance, the greater the blood pressure

A

A - the lower the compliance, the greater the blood pressure

48
Q

T/F: An increased cardiac output typically results in greater blood pressure

A

True

49
Q

T/F: Veins have one-way valves to prevent backflow of blood

A

True

50
Q

Which is true of the respiratory pump action for increasing venous return?

A - As we inspire, this increases the high-low pressure gradient from abdomen to thorax, thus allowing blood in veins to move from abdominal areas back to the heart

B - When we expire, the increased pressure in the thorax forces venous blood back to the heart

C - As we breathe, it becomes harder to pump blood back to the heart

A

A - As we inspire, this increases the high - low pressure gradient from abdomen to thorax, thus allowing blood in veins to move from abdominal areas back to the heart

51
Q

T/F: The “pulling” pressure on the venous side of a capillary draws fluid back into the vascular system

A

True

52
Q

Where are cardiovascular centres for regulating blood pressure found?
A - lungs
B - medulla
C - thoracic spinal cord
D - frontal lobe

A

B - medulla

53
Q

Baroreceptors for regulating blood pressure are found everywhere except:
A - Inferior vena cava
B - Carotid sinus
C - Aortic arch

A

A - Inferior vena cava

54
Q

T/F: The right and left primary bronchi are part of the upper respiratory system.

A

False

55
Q

T/F: Smooth muscles in bronchioles help to open up or close air flow to areas of the lung.

A

True

56
Q

These cells secrete surfactant, which helps to prevent collapse of lung, also known as atelectasis.
A - Type 1
B - Type 2

A

B - Type 2

57
Q

There are _______ lobes in the right lung.
A - 1
B - 2
C - 3
D - 4

A

C - 3

58
Q

T/F: The diaphragm drops during inhalation.

A

True

59
Q

T/F: The expansion of the chest during inhalation increases the volume of the thorax, lowering its air pressure. This allows the greater atmospheric air pressure to then move down its gradient into our lungs.

A

True

60
Q

T/F: Typically, exhalation at rest is an active process that involves the internal intercostals and accessory respiratory muscles. These contractions decrease the volume of our thorax and help push out air from our lungs.

A

False

61
Q

Each lung sits in a _________ membrane.
A - respiratory
B - pulmonary
C - cardiac
D - pleural

A

D - Pleural

62
Q

Match the following to the appropriate volume or capacity

A - amount you can push out past a normal tidal volume expiration
B - normal quiet breathing
C - amount one can move in or out of lungs, except RV
D - sum of all lung volume
E - amount of air left after you push out as much air as you can

1 - Tidal volume
2 - Expiratory reserve volume
3 - Total lung capacity
4 - Vital capacity (VC)
5 - Residual volume

A

A = 2
B = 1
C = 4
D = 3
E = 5

63
Q

When comparing spirometry measures between a healthy individual and someone with COPD, in the individual with COPD which of the following are you most likely to find

A - Increased expiratory reserve volume

B - The FVC in COPD may be reduced, indicating a decreased ability to exhale a normal volume of air

C - Increased force of expiration

D - Decreased residual volume

A

B - The FVC in COPD may be reduced, indicating a decreased ability to exhale a normal volume of air

247 - Fundementals of the Cardiorespiratory System (5 decks)

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