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247 - Fundementals of the Cardiorespiratory System > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A

 thicker walls (greater pressure)

 smaller lumen (maintains pressure)

 more round and rigid

 hold structure better

 increased musculature that allows for vasodilation

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2
Q

Veins

A

more blood volume in venous side (64% of blood) than arteriole side

 more flat looking (have to withhold much more blood)

 Act as reservoirs

 Have high capacitance to accommodate for increased blood volume relative to the arteriole side

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3
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

small vessels that provide nutrients to those vessel walls, within walls of large arteries and veins

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4
Q

Layers of blood vessel

A

Tunica Externa – outermost layer
 connective and elastic tissue
 connective tissue keeps them from moving around

Tunica Media – middle layer
 smooth muscle
 allows for vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Tunica Intima – inner layer
 Endothelium found here (damage to this layer can cause clots)
 Releases chemical that can open and constrict arteries

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5
Q

Order of vessels leaving the heart:

A

(Right atrium and right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary artery
Lungs (gas exchange)
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium and left ventricle)

1) Aortic arch & Ascending aorta

2) Right subclavian, Right carotid, Left carotid, Left subclavian

3) Elastic arteries

4) Muscular arteries

5) Arterioles

6) Capillaries (gas exchange occurs because they are very thin)

7) Venules

8) Veins

9) Superior & Inferior Vena Cava

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6
Q

of Layers in arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

Arteries & veins: 3 layers

Arterioles: 3 layers

Capillaries: 1 layer (can be as little as one cell)

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7
Q

What are main factors in how blood circulates through the body?

A

1) Blood flow
2) Pressure
3) Resistance

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8
Q

Resistance

A

anything than impedes flow of blood

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9
Q

Blood flow

A

Movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ expressed in L/min

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10
Q

Pressure

A

For blood to get through valves, they need a pressure differential

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11
Q

Systolic

A

blood pressure when heart is contracting blood into arteries

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12
Q

Diastolic

A

blood pressure when heart relaxes/filling

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13
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

Average pressure in arteries (driving force for blood flow)

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14
Q

Pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic  should be ~25% of systolic

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15
Q

Occlude/Occlusion

A

: Increasing blood pressure to the point where you are stopping blood flow to body (enough that you don’t feel a pulse)

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16
Q

Explain what’s happening to arteries while taking BP test with BP cuff

A

When increasing blood pressure cuff on arm, artery snaps shut. Looking for when the blood pressure in the BP cuff can be overcome by the pressure in the artery during the two functions ‘systole’ and ‘diastole’

 Pressure is higher during systole than diastole

 go from too much systolic pressure pumping blood in the arteries enough to force it open just a little, the pressure during systole is just greater than the pressure in the cuff, which is when you first hear noise

 when you stop hearing noise the cuff no longer has enough pressure to close artery and the pressure in the artery is great enough to keep artery open, so sound goes away

 When pressure in a sphygmomanometer cuff is released, a clinician can hear the Korotkoff sounds

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17
Q

Where should you take a pt’s pulse?

A

 Pulse is most readily measured at radial artery

 might need to take pulse in another area if pt is in shock, doesn’t have arm, or you can’t find pulse

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18
Q

Cardiac Output:

A

 HR X stroke volume

 How much blood is leaving the ventricle

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19
Q

Compliance

A

The ability of the vessels to accommodate changes in blood volume without impacting blood pressure or increasing the resistance to blood flow (examples: veins are more compliant vs arteries so veins can hold more blood)

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20
Q

Volume of blood

A

When blood volume increases, arteries and veins expand causing blood pressure to increase and vice versa

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21
Q

Viscosity of blood

A

Thickness of the blood. The higher the viscosity, the higher the resistance and pressure needed, but the slower the blood flow (due to increased resistance which is why more pressure is needed)

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22
Q

Blood vessel length and diameter

A

Smaller/shorter walls increase cause higher blood pressure and less blood flow, blood vessel length is static and diameter is dynamic

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23
Q

How does blood get back to the heart

A

1) Skeletal Muscle Pump
 Contraction of skeletal muscles surrounding a vein squeezes blood
 High-low pressure relationship
 One-way valves
2) Respiratory Pump
 Aids blood to move through veins of thorax and abdomen
 Diaphragm drops, intercostals contract
 As we breathe in, venous pressure drops in thorax, making pressure in abdominal veins higher  moves down gradient high-low

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24
Q

1) Skeletal Muscle Pump

A

 Contraction of skeletal muscles surrounding a vein squeezes blood

 High-low pressure relationship

 One-way valves

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25
Q

2) Respiratory Pump

A

 Aids blood to move through veins of thorax and abdomen

 Diaphragm drops, intercostals contract

 As we breathe in, venous pressure drops in thorax, making pressure in abdominal veins higher  moves down gradient high-low

26
Q

Capillary Exchange

A

 Hydrostatic pressure at the start = pushes fluid out (filtration)

 Osmotic pressure at end = pulls fluid in (reabsorption)

27
Q

Cardiovascular centres

A

in brain, located in medulla, Responds to changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen

28
Q

Vasomotor centres

A

Control tone of smooth muscle in vessels

29
Q

Baroreceptor reflexes

A

Stretch receptors in blood vessels (and heart)

 More blood = more stretch = more signalling

 BP too high? More signals cause CO to fall and arterioles to dilate

BP too low? Less signals allows CO to increase and arterioles to constrict

30
Q

Chemoreceptor reflexes

A

Respond to levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen (pH)

 Found in aortic and carotid sinuses

 Low oxygen, high carbon dioxide and hydrogen? Signals to speed up CO

31
Q

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

A

increase HR, force of contraction, and reduce blood flow to non-essential organs

32
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, increase blood volume and BP (also vasoconstricts)

33
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO):

A

increases RBC production and vasoconstricts (increases BP)

34
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH)

A

released when there is too much blood volume (reduces BP)

35
Q

What are some self regulatory mechanisms that can adjust blood flow?

A

Opening of precapillary sphincter (increased perfusion)

 Closing of precapillary sphincter (decreased perfusion)Stretching of smooth muscle in arteriole wall

(Low stretch: vessel dilates and increases BF) (High stretch: vessel constricts and reduces BF)

36
Q

T/F: Generally, arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart

A

True

37
Q

T/F: Arterial walls are thicker and have smaller lumens compared to veins

A

True

38
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the venous system

A - Veins contains ⅔ of the body’s blood at any given time

B - Veins act as a blood reservoir

C - Veins have high capacitance, meaning their walls can distend significantly

D All answers are true

A

D - All Answers are true

39
Q

Smooth muscle is found in which “tunica of a blood vessel?
A - media
B- intima
C - externa

A

C - Media

40
Q

T/F: The vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to vessels are called vasa vasorum

A

True

41
Q

T/F: Typically, when smooth muscle in an arteriole contracts, this narrows the vessel (vasoconstricts).

A

True

42
Q

T/F: Endothelium is found in the tunica intima

A

True

43
Q

T/F: Gas exchange occurs in the capillaries of a tissue

A

True

44
Q

T/F: The largest artery is called the aorta

A

True

45
Q

T/F: Veins have a low capacitance, as they do not distend well due to their rigid structure

A

False

46
Q

T/F: One erythrocyte can hold up to 4 oxygen molecules

A

False

47
Q

T/F: The AV node is considered the pacemaker of the heart

A

False

48
Q

What does the P-wave represent in an ECG (EKG) reading?
A - Atrial Repolarization
B - Atrial Depolarization
C - Ventricular Repolarization
D - Ventricular Depolarization

A

B - Atrial Depolarization

49
Q

T/F: Shivering can be considered a response to bein cold as part of a positive feedback loop

A

False

50
Q

The bicuspid valve is found on the _____ side of the heart
A - left
B - right

A

A - Left

51
Q

T/F: One of the main functions of red blood cells is to defend against microorganisms like bacteria and viruses

A

False

52
Q

Which element helps to bind oxygen onto hemoglobin molecules?
A - iron
B - selenium
C - siler
D - gold

A

A - iron

53
Q
  1. Which of the following is TRUE regarding erythrocytes?
    A - They can fold to fit through tiny blood vessels
    B - They are in the shape of biconcave discs
    C - They have a large surface area to volume ratio to help with gas exchange
    D - These are all true
A

D - These are all true

54
Q

T/F: Blood leaves the right atrium and flows into the right ventricle after passing through the bicuspid valve

A

False

55
Q

T/F: T lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins

A

False

56
Q

Match the following vessels with their contents

a) Oxygenated blood
b) Deoxygenated blood

1) Pulmonary artery
2) Aorta

A

a) Oxygenated blood & 2) Aorta

b) Deoxygenated 1) Pulmonary Artery

57
Q

T/F: White blood cells are typically smaller than red blood cells

A

False

58
Q

After blood leaves the right side of the heart, it then travels to the _______ through the ________.
A - body (systemic circulation); pulmonary artery
B - lungs; aorta
C - lungs; pulmonary artery
D - body (systemic circulation); aorta

A

C - lungs; pulmonary artery

59
Q

T/F: After blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, it is considered oxygenated.

A

True

60
Q

T/F: Blood moves from the left ventricle to the aorta through the tricuspid valve

A

False

247 - Fundementals of the Cardiorespiratory System (5 decks)

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