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247 - Fundementals of the Cardiorespiratory System > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Type 1 Vs Type 2 alveolar cells

A

Type 1 alveolar cells: permeable, 97% of alveolar surface area

Type II alveolar cells, secrete pulmonary surfactant

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2
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

immune cell (phagocyte)

remove debris and pathogens

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3
Q

Left lung vs Right lungs

A

Left lung has 2 lobes – because of cardiac notch,

right lung has 3 lobes,

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4
Q

What is bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Each lobe of lung has a number of bronchopulmonary segments,

this means that if one segment becomes affected with disease, it can be treated independently

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5
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

inversely proportional (one goes up, the other goes down)

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6
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

 always going to go from higher pressure to lower pressure

higher pressure of carbon dioxide, therefore carbon dioxide wants to leave the body, lower pressure of oxygen therefore wants to come In the body

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7
Q

Passive inspiration

A

breathing without thinking (medulla and pons)

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8
Q

Active inspiration

A

purposely breathing (motor control systems)

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9
Q

Inspiration/Expiration process

A

 Diaphragms expanding by external intercostal muscle (if passive)/internal intercostal muscle (if purposeful) contraction

 External intercostal muscle contracts/forceful internal intercostal muscle contracts, we expand and get air in

 More space is created, and pressure decreases (goes from high to low pressure)

 Medulla tells us to breathe in, Pons controls the effects and rate at which we breathe in

 Muscles stop contracting, passive exhalation occurs as diaphragm restricts, can also active exhale which is then controlled by motor control systems

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10
Q

Respiratory volume

A

various volumes of air in, entering, or leaving the lungs

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11
Q

Tidal volume (TV

A

normal quiet breathing (500mL)

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12
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

amount you can push out past a normal tidal volume expiration (1200mL)

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13
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

deep inhalation (amount you can inhale during forced inspiration

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14
Q

Residual volume

A

amount of air left after you push out as much air as you can (significance?)

 Never exchanging all of the air in and out

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15
Q

Why do we need residual volume?

A

 If we didn’t the alveoli and lungs would start collapsing and then would have a lot of issues in terms of function

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16
Q

Total lung capacity

A

sum of all lung volume (4.2-6.0L)

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17
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

amount one can move in or out of lungs, except RV (4-5L)

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18
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

amount of air inhaled past normal tidal volume (TV + IRV)

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19
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

amount of air that remains after normal tidal expiration

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20
Q

Spirometry

A

Common test for lung function, used to diagnose asthma, COPD, and other lung diseases by measuring the volume of air inhaled and exhaled

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21
Q

Order of lung volumes:

A

1) Inspiratory reserve volume
2) Tidal volume
3) Expiratory reserve volume
4) Residual volume (can’t directly measure)

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22
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

Air left in airway that stays in trachea and bronchi and doesn’t reach alveoli, never interacts in gas exchange

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23
Q

Alveolar dead space

A

Air found in alveoli that are dysfunctional, example: emphysema affects alveoli

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24
Q

Total dead space

A

Anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space, all air that does not interact in gas exchange

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25
Q

FEV1

A

Forced expired volume in one second

 NORMAL is being able to push out air more quickly, AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION (COPD) results in slower exhalation and lesser total expiratory (can’t get air out as fast and as much)

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26
Q

Pressures in the pulmonary circulation are _______________, compared to those in the systemic circulation

A

Pressures in the pulmonary circulation are RELATIVELY LOW compared to those in the systemic circulation

Due to low vascular resistance in the pulmonary circulation

 Difference is lessened during exercise as blood flow becomes more equalized

27
Q

When a person is standing (at rest), what is happening to blood flow?

A

When a person is standing (at rest), blood flow is greatest at the bottom of the lung (base), due to gravity

28
Q

Why is the usual low pressure in the pulmonary circulation compared to pressure in the systemic circulation now more equal during exercise?

A

 Blood flow becomes more equalized as the demands of oxygen change, demands of locations for oxygen changes and therefore blood flow is shifted to different areas because we need oxygen in those areas

 We also have an increased demand for oxygen since our respiratory rate increases, HR increases and our demand for blood flow through the body changes

29
Q

Respiratory rate

A

total number of breaths per minute, indicator of health/disease (around 12-18 per minute)

 controlled by medulla (in brainstem) because we consciously do not make the decision to breathe

30
Q

Medulla

A

Controls passive inspiration

 controlled by brainstem

 activates the external intercostals and diaphragm to bring air in

 When we relax and stop actively expanding the diaphragm with external intercostals VOLUME DECREASES AND PRESSURE INCREASES

 Since pressure is higher inside, we’re going to force air out

 Medulla + Pons – PCO2 and central chemoreceptors

31
Q

Brainstem

A

controls Medulla and Pons

 when send signals to lungs = inspiration

 when slow down signals = expiration

32
Q

Blood chemistry

A

 We respond mainly to our blood gas which is responding to “carbon gas”

 ‘Chemoreceptors’ located in carotid artery and are looking for carbon gas and is sending messages from aortic and carotid body

33
Q

PO2

A

partial pressure of oxygen

34
Q

PCO2

A

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

35
Q

Aortic body

A

monitors PCO2, PO2, and pH

 Peripheral chemoreceptors

36
Q

Carotid body

A

monitors PCO2, PO2, and pH

 Peripheral chemoreceptors

37
Q

Dose-response relationship

A

The more stimuli, the more breathing

38
Q

Ventilation

A

movement of air in to and out of lungs

39
Q

Perfusion

A

flow of blood in capillaries

40
Q

Partial pressures of Atmospheric Gases (in order from highest to lowest)

A

 Total – 760 mmHg
 Nitrogen – almost 600mmHg
 Oxygen – almost 160mmHg
 Water – 3mmHg
 Carbon dioxide – 0.3mmHg (almost nothing)

41
Q

Partial Pressure during Respiration process in lungs:

A

COMING INTO BODY
Inspired air
 PO2 = 160mmHg
 PCO2 = 0.3mmHg (same as atmosphere)
Expired air
 PO2 = 120mmHg
 PCO2 = 27mmHg

IN LUNGS
 deoxygenated blood: PO2 = 40mmHg, PCO2 = 45mmHg
 PCO2 is higher

IN BLOOD AFTER LUNGS
 oxygenated blood: PO2 =105mmHg, PCO2 = 40mmHg
 PO2 is now higher
 Gases travel from HIGH TO LOW PRESSURE

PPO2 in tissues = 40mmHg
PPO2 in blood (generally) = 100mmHg
 ppCO2 in tissues is WAY higher than that of blood = easy diffusion

42
Q

PPO2 in tissues VS
PPO2 in blood

A

PPO2 in tissues = 40mmHg
PPO2 in blood (generally) = 100mmHg
 ppCO2 in tissues is WAY higher than that of blood = easy diffusion

43
Q

Plasma

A

primarily made of water, may also have some O2 and CO2 as VERY SMALL amount of O2 may end up in plasma for transportation

44
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Majority of oxygen binds to hemoglobin
 4 oxygen binding sites per hemoglobin, if all 4 are bound = full saturation, full blood oxygen saturation = 95-99%

 the higher the partial pressure of oxygen the more will be bound by hemoglobin, vice versa

45
Q

Oxygen dissociation

A

binding of oxygen to hemoglobin

 the higher the temperature, the more oxygen dissociates faster (faster)

 the more acidic pH is, the more oxygen dissociation (more of it)
 free flowing hydrogen molecules (H+)

46
Q

3 Main Ways to transport CO2 in body:

A

1) Carbaminohemoglobin: process of carbon dioxide binding to amino acids on hemoglobin (same as oxygen to iron in Hemoglobin), 20% of transport

2) Bicarbonate: HCO3 (mix of CO2 and H+ from plasma which is mostly made of water) and H+ is displaced, Enzyme: carbonic anhydrase facilitates process, 70% of transport

3) Blood plasma: CO2 dissolves in plasma, 7-10% of CO2 transport

47
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

process of carbon dioxide binding to amino acids on hemoglobin (same as oxygen to iron in Hemoglobin), 20% of transport

48
Q

Bicarbonate

A

HCO3 (mix of CO2 and H+ from plasma which is mostly made of water) and H+ is displaced, Enzyme: carbonic anhydrase facilitates process, 70% of transport

49
Q

Blood plasma

A

CO2 dissolves in plasma, 7-10% of CO2 transport

50
Q

Systole refers to:
A - contraction
B - relaxation

A

A - contraction

51
Q

Diastole refers to:
A - contraction
B - relaxation

A

B - relaxation

52
Q

This part of the vascular system moves blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
A - systemic circulation
B - pulmonary circulation
C - coronary circulation

A

B - pulmonary circulation

53
Q

Compared to veins, arteries tend to:
A - have more flattened appearances
B - have larger lumens (inside cross-sectional area)
C - have thicker walls

A

C - have thicker walls

54
Q

The layer of a blood vessel contains smooth muscle
A - tunica intima (inner layer)
B - tunica media (middle layer)
C - tunica externa (outer layer of adventitia)

A

B - tunica media (middle layer)

55
Q

A systemic capillary bed is where:
A - oxygen diffuses into the tissues
B - carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood
C - nutrients diffuse into the tisses
D - all of these are true

A

D - all of these are true

56
Q

T/F: In general, veins tend to have lower pressure than arteries

A

True

57
Q

T/F: Veins conduct blood away from the heart

A

False

58
Q

Roughly _________ of all our blood volume is found in the venous system
A - ⅔
B - 1/10
C - ⅛

A

A - ⅔

59
Q

T/F: Veins tend to have an often collapsed appearance, which is consistent with the fact that they have lower pressures and more capacitance to arteries

A

True

60
Q

Which layer of a blood vessel contains “endothelium”, a one-cell thick layer that helps with the function of blood vessels?
A - inner layer
B - middle layer
C - outer layer

A

A - inner layer

61
Q

T/F: Vasoconstriction occurs when a vessel’s smooth muscle contracts, causing a narrowing of the vessel

A

True

62
Q

T/F: During progressively intense exercise we see increase blood flow to skeletal muscle, heart and integumentary system

A

True

63
Q

OHM’s law of liquids…
A - is reflected by the equation Q = 🔺P/R
B - helps to understand the relationship between MAP and Resistance
C - is used to calculate blood flow
D - all of the above are correct

A

D - all of the above is correct

64
Q

Select all locations where you may be able to take a manual HR measurement via pulse
A - Achilles Artery
B - Brachial Artery
C - Radial Artery
D - Naval Artery
E - Carotid Artery
F - Femoral Artery
G - Phalangeal Artery

A

A, B, C, E, F

247 - Fundementals of the Cardiorespiratory System (5 decks)

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