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247 - Fundementals of the Cardiorespiratory System > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary and secondary function of blood?

A

Primary:
-deliver oxygen and nutrients
-remove wastes from body cells

Secondary:
- Defence
- Heat distribution
- Normal pH

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2
Q

Role of transportation in blood

A

bring O2 in and CO2 out

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3
Q

Platelet’s role

A

clot/limit bleeding

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4
Q

What kind of process is/maintains homeostasis?

A

Negative feedback loop: reduces change and helps maintain balance (whereas positive amplifies change)

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5
Q

Normal blood pH

A

7.4

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6
Q

Are humans slightly more acidic or basic

A

Basic

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7
Q

What compounds helps to buffer the pH of our blood?

A

Proteins (albumin)

Bicarbonate

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8
Q

T/F: There are more platelets than leukocytes and erythrocytes.

A

False, there are more erythrocytes than leukocytes and platelets

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9
Q

Plasma

A

the fluid in which the formed elements are suspended

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10
Q

Erythrocytes are also known as what?

A

RBC

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11
Q

Hematocrit

A

how many RBC in the total volume of blood (the percentage of the total sample that is comprised of erythrocytes.)

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12
Q

T/F: Males have a slightly higher hematocrit % than females?

A

False

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13
Q

What gives blood its bright red colour?

A

Oxygen, iron component on hemoglobin’s which allows the oxygen to attach and detach

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14
Q

Viscosity of blood

A

thicker (5X than water)

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15
Q

Temperature of blood

A

37 degrees C

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16
Q

What is plasma made up of?

A

7% - proteins, 93% - water

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17
Q

What are the three major groups of plasma proteins, which are most abundant?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogen
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18
Q

RBC:
- Function?
- Property?
- 1 drop of blood contains how many RBC and WBC
- Shape?
- How many oxygen molecules per 1 RBC?

A

main function: transport oxygen

very malleable – allows for RBC to move amongst each other easily

1 drop of blood contains millions of RBC and thousands of WBCs – far more RBC as they’re very tiny

biconcave discs

shape optimizes ratio of surface area to volume and facilitates gas exchange

1 RBC has 1 – 1.2 billion oxygen molecules

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19
Q

Hemoglobin molecule:
- how many hemoglobin molecules per 1 RBC?
- Made up of what?
- Structure?

A

1 Erythrocyte/RBC can contain 250 - 300 million hemoglobin molecules

made up of protein & iron

has 2 identical beta chains and 2 identical alpha chains

iron (located in center of chain on heme) allows for oxygen to attach

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20
Q

Explain the transportation of oxygen in terms of hemoglobin

A

breathe in oxygen, goes into right side of heart, arteries take deoxygenated blood to lungs

in lungs, oxyhemoglobin picks up oxygen

oxygenated hemoglobin moves to body tissues where it unloads oxygen

deoxyhemoglobin becomes dark red due to deoxygenation

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21
Q

Platelets:
Main function?
Comes from what?

A

main function is for blood clotting

come from bone marrow

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22
Q

What can affect oxygen delivery?

A

disorders like anemia and polycythemia occur due to changes in the level of RBCs and therefore effect oxygen delivery

23
Q

Heart:
Located where?
Top/bottom of heart is called …
What is formed by a certain area of the heart?
How do the right and left sides differ in terms of oxygenating blood
How many chambers and circuits?

A

located in pericardial sac/pericardium which is in thorax in an area called the mediastinum

top of heart = base, bottom = apex

cardiac notch is formed by apex of heart

Right side = deoxygenated, brings blood to lungs, Left side = oxygenated, brings blood to systems

4 chambers (right & left atrium, right & left ventricle)

2 circuits (pulmonary & systemic

24
Q

What side of the heart must work harder and why?

A

Left side/ventricle must work harder to circulate blood because its farther away

25
Q

List the layers of the heart

A

1) Fibrous pericardium (outermost layer)

2) Serous pericardium (2nd outermost layer) – This is a parietal layer

3) Pericardial cavity (separates ‘Serous pericardium’ from ‘epicardium’)

4) Epicardium (innermost layer) – This is a visceral layer

5) following epicardium is the Myocardium (muscle), then Endocardium (innermost)

26
Q

Septum

A

Wall dividing heart into chambers

27
Q

List the Heart Valves:

A

1) Right (tricuspid)
2) Left (bicuspid/mitral)
–> these also known as Atrioventricular (AV) valves
3) Aortic valve
4) Pulmonary valve

28
Q

List the pathway of oxygenating blood through the heart

A
  1. deoxygenated blood enters the SUPERIOR/INFERIOR VENA CAVA
  2. blood enters the RIGHT ATRIUM
  3. blood goes through the TRICUSPID VALVE
  4. blood goes into the RIGHT VENTRICLE
  5. blood goes through the PULMONARY VALVE
  6. blood goes to the PULMONARY ARTERY
  7. blood is transported through arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated
  8. oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary vein
  9. blood enters the left atrium
  10. blood goes through the mitral valve/bicuspid valve
  11. blood enters the left ventricle
  12. blood goes through the aortic valve
  13. blood enters and leaves through the aorta
29
Q

Cardiomyocytes

A

found only in heart as they make up the cardiac muscle and conduct electrical signals

30
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are dependent on ________ and therefore have:

A

aerobic metabolism

1) High quantity of mitochondria
2) High myoglobin reserves
3) Extensive capillary supply

31
Q

List the process of Cardiac Conduction System & Contraction

By looking at this, we can see the heart has the ability to do what?

A

1) SA node at rest

2) SA node starts action potential

3) Action potential reaches AV node (with delay of 100ms - ensures the atria has enough time to fully eject blood into the ventricles before ventricular systole)

4) Action potential moves through AV bundle and bundle branches to Purkinje fibres

5) Impulse spreads to contractile fibres of ventricles

6) Ventricular contraction starts

Heart has capability to beat on its own

32
Q

Depolarization

A

loss of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane of a muscle or nerve cell causing the heart to trigger a contraction

33
Q

Repolarization

A

allows the muscle cells of the ventricles to regain their ability to depolarize again

34
Q

Diastole

A

Ventricular filling

35
Q

Systole

A

Ventricular contraction/ejection

36
Q

List/explain the Electrocardiogram Trace

A
  1. P wave (PQ interval) – atrial depolarization
  2. QRS (QT interval) - ventricular depolarization
  3. T (QT interval) – ventricular repolarization
37
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

Pathway?

A

This circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Pathway:
1) Blood from the right side of the heart (right ventricle) is pumped into the pulmonary arteries

2) These arteries carry the blood to the lungs.

3) In the lungs, blood undergoes gas exchange: it releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen

4) Oxygenated blood then returns to the left side of the heart (left atrium) via the pulmonary veins

38
Q

Systemic Circuit

Pathway?

A

This circuit delivers oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Pathway:
1) Blood from the left side of the heart (left ventricle) is pumped into the aorta.

2) The aorta branches into various arteries that supply blood to the organs and tissues throughout the body

3) After exchanging oxygen and nutrients for carbon dioxide and waste products, the deoxygenated blood returns to the right side of the heart (right atrium) through the venous system, including the superior and inferior vena cavae.

39
Q

What is considered the pacemaker of the heart?

A

The SA node is considered the pacemaker of the heart

40
Q

What are B lymphocytes responsible for?

A

producing antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins

41
Q

What are T lymphocytes responsible for?

A

recognizing and attacking infected or cancerous cells and help regulate immune response

42
Q

T/F: One erythrocyte can hold up to 4 oxygen molecules.

A

 False

43
Q

T/F: The AV node is considered the pacemaker of the heart.

A

 False

44
Q

What does the P-wave represent in an ECG(EKG) reading?
A. Atrial Repolarization
B. Atrial Depolarization
C. Ventricular Repolarization
D. Ventricular Depolarization

A

 B. Atrial Depolarization

45
Q

T/F: Shivering can be considered a response to being cold as part of a positive feedback loop.

A

 False

46
Q

The bicuspid valve is found on the _________ side of the heart.
A. left
B. right

A

A. Left

47
Q

T/F: One of the main functions of red blood cells is to defend against microorganisms like bacteria and viruses.

A

 False

48
Q

Which element helps to bind oxygen onto hemoglobin molecules?
A. iron
B. selenium
C. silver
D. gold

A

 A. Iron

49
Q

T/F: Blood leaves the right atrium and flows into the right ventricle after passing through the bicuspid valve.

A

 False

50
Q

T/F: T lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

A

 False

51
Q

T/F: White blood cells are typically smaller than red blood cells.

A

 False

52
Q

After blood leaves the right side of the heart, it then travels to the ____________ through the ____________.
A. body (systemic circulation); pulmonary artery
B. lungs; aorta
C. lungs; pulmonary artery
D. body (systemic circulation); aorta

A

 C. lungs; pulmonary artery

53
Q

T/F: After blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, it is considered oxygenated.

A

 True

54
Q

T/F: Blood moves from the left ventricle to the aorta through the tricuspid valve.

A

 False

247 - Fundementals of the Cardiorespiratory System (5 decks)

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