Week 4 Flashcards
What are the four representations of the self?
individual self, relational self, collective self, online self
aspects and traits that make an individual unique from others
individual self
relationships and connections that develop through interactions with others
relational self
a person’s concept of them self within a group
collective self
the evaluation of the self in relation to how one believes others view them
self-esteem
a person’s online representation
online self
A feeling that is highly valued in Western culture when a person is pleased with who they are
high self-esteem
What are the typical outcomes of high self-esteem?
happier, better adjustment, good relationships and less anxiety and depression
Inflated sense of one’s importance and deservingness
narcissism
How is narcissism and self-esteem related?
typically not correlated with any type self-esteem
What are the three types of narcissism?
agentic, antagonistic, neurotic
A need for admiration that is positively correlated with self-esteem
agentic narcissism
An arrogant attitude and expressing low empathy. Negative correlation with self-esteem.
antagonistic narcissism
Emotional dysregulation and negative correlation with self-esteem
neurotic narcissism
What can parents do to increase self-esteem?
give realistic feedback, focus on improvement , give unconditional regard
What should parents not do to promote narcissism ?
give inflated praise, focus on superiority over other children, and give conditional regard
Children can have different self-esteems for different domains of competence, what are the 5 main domains for children?
scholastic ability, athletic competence, physical appearance, behavioural conduct, and social acceptance
The ability to give the self positive feedback or take in feedback from others
self-appraisal
When do children typically develop realistic self-appraisal?
in late childhood and adolescence
Children who have higher self-esteem have parents whose ____ in family discussions
opinions are considered
Children who have lower self-esteem have families that are ___ into their life
intrusive and invalidating
Praising effort and strategies used
process praise
Praising talents and traits
ability praise
Why is process praise sometimes bad?
Adolescents feel like teachers are being condescending and it is not helpful for identity discovery
Why is ability praise bad?
decreases students motivation to learn after a failure
What type of praise is bad over time?
inflated praise because its usually directed at children with low self-esteem and makes them feel like expectations of them is very high
What is a critical consequence of low self-esteem from inflated praise?
start to avoid learning experiences when they think they might fail
The definition of oneself as different then others
identity
An adolescence has gone through exploration and made a commitment to an identity
identity achievement
made a commitment without much exploration
identity foreclosure
Involved in exploring but not made a commitment
identify moratorium
no identity crisis or achievement, basically no effort made
identity diffusion
What are the general influences of identity?
autonomy, making your own decisions, time away from parents
What changes occur due to identity exploration?
abstract reasoning, ability to recognize the self in different contexts
Recognition of being a member of a particular race or ethnic group
ethnic racial identity
based on geographic location, people are categorized based on traits that are visible or social and political constructs
race
language, values, beliefs, and traditions to which people are connected
ethnicity
Define an individual as similar to or different from members of other groups
social identity theory
What are the components of identity?
cognitive, affective and behavioural
What are the cognitive facets of identity?
knowledge about group customs, self-identification, constancy,
What are the affective facets of identity?
preferences, in-group/out-group attitudes, importance
What was an important change that came from the Clark and Clark study?
desegregation in schools due to children having negative attitudes about their in-group and identity
What do indigenous children believe about in-group / out-group success?
tend to attribute their own success to luck and others to hard work
When a individual or group feels negatively towards their own in-group due to social hierarchies
internalized racism
When does ethnic racial identity form?
middle-childhood into adolescence
Learning about and adapting to the ethnic origin culture
enculturation
learning about and adapting to recieving culture
acculturation
adopting the norms both the norms and attitudes of the majority or new culture as wells as values and traditions from native culture
bicultural identity
How should parents talk about race?
using a colour conscious approach and making children aware of inequalities and how to address them
What theory in the 1970s changed the conversation about gender identity
Androgyny theory
What is the recommendation for parents when considering gender identity?
refrain from voicing preference and be open to all outcomes
What factors influence gender identity?
gender schemas, self-socializing, biology
Cognitive structures for what a typical gender presentation is
gender schema
orientation towards gender messaging
self-socializing process
What can increase children being comfortable exploring gender identity?
school environment, family attitudes, media representation
At what age do children understand simple social norms?
1.5 years old
How do children learn about others?
thought emotions
Why is important for children to have disputes?
promotes problem solving in later development and expressing frustration is a productive way
Why is the false belief task not the best way to measure theory of mind?
requires more skills then just theory of mind
