Week 2 Flashcards
An expanded perspective of Freud’s that explains how social dynamics are resolved to create adaptive or maladaptive traits
psychodynamic perspective
A theory that claims we encounter barriers in our self-discovery and development at various life stages
Erikson’s psychosocial theory (developmental stages)
What is the trait gained at each developmental stage of Erikson’s theory?
trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generatively, integrity
What are the two weaknesses of the psychodynamic perspective?
difficult to test empirically, and mechanisms for transition not identified
A new stimulus is paired with a familiar stimulus until and individual learns to respond to the new stimulus in the same way as the familiar one
classical conditioning
The consequences of the behaviour encourage or discourage the repeat of the behaviour
operant conditioning
what are 3 weaknesses of the traditional learning theories?
one size fits all perspective, not sensitive to changes in child development, does not consider the role of social interaction and emotion
Children learn through observing their social partners and interactions with their social partner
social cognitive learning theory
What are the required steps for observational learning to occur?
attention, retention, motivation and reproduction
When our own actions in turn effect the social environment which influences our future social actions
reciprocal determination
Our belief in our own ability
self-efficacy
explanation of a person’s social behaviour based on how they perceive the social environment
social information processing theory
What are the weaknesses of the social information processing theory?
cognition is not always so complicated
minimal attention to the role of biology and emotion
does not mention development
questionable gernalizability
not alway doing deliberate actions
using the senses to learn about causality and their differences between themselves and others
sensorimotor
beginning to use symbols and language in their thinking, but thinking is very egocentric and not very flexible
preopereatoional
logical reasoning is present, but not intuitive. Capable of conversation, perspective taking, and understanding multiple factors.
concrete operational
thinking is flexible and complex, can think about abstract ideas and hypothesis
formal operations
What are Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development ?
sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operations, formal operations
applying an existing schema to a new experience
assimilation
modifying an existing schema to fit a new experience
accommodation
tending to view the world from one’s own perspective and having difficulty viewing from another’s perspective
egocentrism
What are the weaknesses of Piaget’s perspective?
does not incorporate children’s interactions with others and how it contributes to their development, and it’s a stage theory
A theory that proposes that development emerges from interactions between more skilled people and tools provided by the culture
Sociocultural theory
The space between too far outside the child’s learning zone and too far inside their knowledge
Zone of proximal development
when a more knowledgable person provides support for children within their zone of proximal development
scaffolding
What are the weaknesses of sociocultural theory?
not clear on how learning changes with development, measuring zone of proximal development is difficult
development is affected by the interactions between components of a system
systems approach
what are the 5 Bronfenbrenner’s areas
microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem
the context in which children live and interact with the people closest to them
microsystem
the relationships between the actors in the microsystem
mesosystem
collection of settings that influence a child’s development, but that the child does not play a direct role
exosystem
the general values, ideologies, laws, and culture that influence all the other systems
macrosystem
the dimension that changes the components of the system as time passes
chronosystem
what are the weaknesses of the system theories?
does not actually explain the processes, and does not explain how influences change as the child ages
behaviour must have adaptive value and must exist to achieve survival
ethological theory
Parents give their children attention and resources to ensure the passage of their own genes to the next generation
evolutionary developmental theory
Interactions between the genes and environment unlock certain genes to aid with survival
human behaviour genetics
a specific time in an organism’s development in which external factors have a unique and irreversible impact
critical sensitive period
what are the weaknesses the biological perspectives ?
largely discriptive, post-hoc explanation, difficult to tease apart what is innate and what is not, and narrowly defined critical period
