Week 2

Question 1

An expanded perspective of Freud’s that explains how social dynamics are resolved to create adaptive or maladaptive traits

Answer 1

psychodynamic perspective

Question 2

A theory that claims we encounter barriers in our self-discovery and development at various life stages

Answer 2

Erikson’s psychosocial theory (developmental stages)

Question 3

What is the trait gained at each developmental stage of Erikson’s theory?

Answer 3

trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generatively, integrity

Question 4

What are the two weaknesses of the psychodynamic perspective?

Answer 4

difficult to test empirically, and mechanisms for transition not identified

Question 5

A new stimulus is paired with a familiar stimulus until and individual learns to respond to the new stimulus in the same way as the familiar one

Answer 5

classical conditioning

Question 6

The consequences of the behaviour encourage or discourage the repeat of the behaviour

Answer 6

operant conditioning

Question 7

what are 3 weaknesses of the traditional learning theories?

Answer 7

one size fits all perspective, not sensitive to changes in child development, does not consider the role of social interaction and emotion

Question 8

Children learn through observing their social partners and interactions with their social partner

Answer 8

social cognitive learning theory

Question 9

What are the required steps for observational learning to occur?

Answer 9

attention, retention, motivation and reproduction

Question 10

When our own actions in turn effect the social environment which influences our future social actions

Answer 10

reciprocal determination

Question 11

Our belief in our own ability

Answer 11

self-efficacy

Question 12

explanation of a person’s social behaviour based on how they perceive the social environment

Answer 12

social information processing theory

Question 13

What are the weaknesses of the social information processing theory?

Answer 13

cognition is not always so complicated
minimal attention to the role of biology and emotion
does not mention development
questionable gernalizability
not alway doing deliberate actions

Question 14

using the senses to learn about causality and their differences between themselves and others

Answer 14

sensorimotor

Question 15

beginning to use symbols and language in their thinking, but thinking is very egocentric and not very flexible

Answer 15

preopereatoional

Question 16

logical reasoning is present, but not intuitive. Capable of conversation, perspective taking, and understanding multiple factors.

Answer 16

concrete operational

Question 17

thinking is flexible and complex, can think about abstract ideas and hypothesis

Answer 17

formal operations

Question 18

What are Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development ?

Answer 18

sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operations, formal operations

Question 19

applying an existing schema to a new experience

Answer 19

assimilation

Question 20

modifying an existing schema to fit a new experience

Answer 20

accommodation

Question 21

tending to view the world from one’s own perspective and having difficulty viewing from another’s perspective

Answer 21

egocentrism

Question 22

What are the weaknesses of Piaget’s perspective?

Answer 22

does not incorporate children’s interactions with others and how it contributes to their development, and it’s a stage theory

Question 23

A theory that proposes that development emerges from interactions between more skilled people and tools provided by the culture

Answer 23

Sociocultural theory

Question 24

The space between too far outside the child’s learning zone and too far inside their knowledge

Answer 24

Zone of proximal development

Question 25

when a more knowledgable person provides support for children within their zone of proximal development

Answer 25

scaffolding

Question 26

What are the weaknesses of sociocultural theory?

Answer 26

not clear on how learning changes with development, measuring zone of proximal development is difficult

Question 27

development is affected by the interactions between components of a system

Answer 27

systems approach

Question 28

what are the 5 Bronfenbrenner’s areas

Answer 28

microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem

Question 29

the context in which children live and interact with the people closest to them

Answer 29

microsystem

Question 30

the relationships between the actors in the microsystem

Answer 30

mesosystem

Question 31

collection of settings that influence a child’s development, but that the child does not play a direct role

Answer 31

exosystem

Question 32

the general values, ideologies, laws, and culture that influence all the other systems

Answer 32

macrosystem

Question 33

the dimension that changes the components of the system as time passes

Answer 33

chronosystem

Question 34

what are the weaknesses of the system theories?

Answer 34

does not actually explain the processes, and does not explain how influences change as the child ages

Question 35

behaviour must have adaptive value and must exist to achieve survival

Answer 35

ethological theory

Question 36

Parents give their children attention and resources to ensure the passage of their own genes to the next generation

Answer 36

evolutionary developmental theory

Question 37

Interactions between the genes and environment unlock certain genes to aid with survival

Answer 37

human behaviour genetics

Question 38

a specific time in an organism’s development in which external factors have a unique and irreversible impact

Answer 38

critical sensitive period

Question 39

what are the weaknesses the biological perspectives ?

Answer 39

largely discriptive, post-hoc explanation, difficult to tease apart what is innate and what is not, and narrowly defined critical period