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Psyc 391 Social Dev > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A portion of DNA located at a particular site on a chromosome that codes for a specific protein

A

gene

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2
Q

the study of the influences of genetics and environment on traits and abilities

A

human behaviour genetics

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3
Q

a statistical estimate of to what extent genetic variation accounts for a particular trait or ability

A

heritability coefficient

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4
Q

What is the old equation of genetics and social development?

A

total variance in population = variance attributed to genetics + variance attributed to environment

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5
Q

What is the original equation of genetics and social development incorrect?

A

underestimate the role of gene and environment interactions

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6
Q

the particular set of genes a person inherits from his or her parents

A

genotype

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7
Q

the visible expression of a person’s genetic information

A

phenotype

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8
Q

the changing of genes depending on environmental information

A

methylation

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9
Q

What is an example of methylation?

A

when children are removed from an abusive environment, they grow to around the average hight of a child their age

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10
Q

Why are adoption studies conducted?

A

to see how much genetics and environment contribute to behaviour or trait emergence

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11
Q

What are the limitations of twin studies?

A

MZ twins share a placenta, being a twin has a social effect that is not applicable to other children, and DZ twins are treated differently then MZ twins

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12
Q

A genetic component of DNA that is inherited from one parent

A

allele

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13
Q

Alleles for a particular trait in which the parents both have the same one

A

homozygous

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14
Q

alleles for which the parents differ on the same trait

A

heterozygous

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15
Q

Interactions between genes that influence presented traits

A

epistasis

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16
Q

a gene or genes that exert indirect influence by modifying the expression of another gene

A

modifier genes

17
Q

The range of possible developmental outcomes established by a person’s genotype in reaction to the environment

A

reaction range

18
Q

when the reaction range of a trait is extremely narrow and more intense environmental experience is required to change it

A

canalization

19
Q

When the environment created by parents encourages the same trait presentation as the parents

A

passive gene-environment correlations

20
Q

people’s inherited tendencies evoke certain environmental responses

A

evocative gene-environment correlations

21
Q

people’s genes encourage them to seek out experiences compatible with the genes

A

active or niche picking

22
Q

people in the environment are affected depending on their make-up

A

G X E models

23
Q

When certain genes make children more vulnerable to negative environments

A

dual risk or diathesis stress model

24
Q

when certain genes make children more sensitive to both good and bad environments

A

differential susceptibility

25
Q

the study of heritable changes in the way that gene expression is activated or silenced with out altering the genetics

A

epigenetics

26
Q

During the embryonic period when neurons are rapidly developing

A

neuron proliferaiton

27
Q

When neural connections are made beginning in the prenatal stage

A

synaptogenesis

28
Q

By age 2 how many synaps does a child have?

A

15, 000

29
Q

The movement of neurons to areas within the brain that require more neural connections to work. Without neural stimulation some parts of the brain will have less neurons

A

neural migration

30
Q

the brain’s removal of neural connections that are not often used beginning at age 2

A

synaptic pruning

31
Q

brain processes that are universal

A

experience-expectant plasticity

32
Q

brain processes that are unique to the individual or culture

A

experience-dependent process

33
Q

How does neural development connect to our ability to socialize?

A

as our brain is capable of doing more things, we can be more active in our social development

34
Q

a nerve cell that fires when a person acts and when a person observes the same action in another person

A

mirror neuron

35
Q

When children and primary caregiver matches their biological rhythms to be more sensitive to the needs of the child

A

biobehavioural synchrony

36
Q

how are mother and child in sync?

A

heart rhythms, co-regulation,cortisol and oxytocin levels, empathy and amygdala response

37
Q

When a baby pays more attention to certain parts of the face that communicate emotion and information, we call this?

A

visual preparation

38
Q

when a baby listens more to shorter sentences and slower talking to be attuned to their native language.

A

auditory preparedness

Psyc 391 Social Dev (6 decks)

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