Week 3

Question 1

A portion of DNA located at a particular site on a chromosome that codes for a specific protein

Answer 1

gene

Question 2

the study of the influences of genetics and environment on traits and abilities

Answer 2

human behaviour genetics

Question 3

a statistical estimate of to what extent genetic variation accounts for a particular trait or ability

Answer 3

heritability coefficient

Question 4

What is the old equation of genetics and social development?

Answer 4

total variance in population = variance attributed to genetics + variance attributed to environment

Question 5

What is the original equation of genetics and social development incorrect?

Answer 5

underestimate the role of gene and environment interactions

Question 6

the particular set of genes a person inherits from his or her parents

Answer 6

genotype

Question 7

the visible expression of a person’s genetic information

Answer 7

phenotype

Question 8

the changing of genes depending on environmental information

Answer 8

methylation

Question 9

What is an example of methylation?

Answer 9

when children are removed from an abusive environment, they grow to around the average hight of a child their age

Question 10

Why are adoption studies conducted?

Answer 10

to see how much genetics and environment contribute to behaviour or trait emergence

Question 11

What are the limitations of twin studies?

Answer 11

MZ twins share a placenta, being a twin has a social effect that is not applicable to other children, and DZ twins are treated differently then MZ twins

Question 12

A genetic component of DNA that is inherited from one parent

Answer 12

allele

Question 13

Alleles for a particular trait in which the parents both have the same one

Answer 13

homozygous

Question 14

alleles for which the parents differ on the same trait

Answer 14

heterozygous

Question 15

Interactions between genes that influence presented traits

Answer 15

epistasis

Question 16

a gene or genes that exert indirect influence by modifying the expression of another gene

Answer 16

modifier genes

Question 17

The range of possible developmental outcomes established by a person’s genotype in reaction to the environment

Answer 17

reaction range

Question 18

when the reaction range of a trait is extremely narrow and more intense environmental experience is required to change it

Answer 18

canalization

Question 19

When the environment created by parents encourages the same trait presentation as the parents

Answer 19

passive gene-environment correlations

Question 20

people’s inherited tendencies evoke certain environmental responses

Answer 20

evocative gene-environment correlations

Question 21

people’s genes encourage them to seek out experiences compatible with the genes

Answer 21

active or niche picking

Question 22

people in the environment are affected depending on their make-up

Answer 22

G X E models

Question 23

When certain genes make children more vulnerable to negative environments

Answer 23

dual risk or diathesis stress model

Question 24

when certain genes make children more sensitive to both good and bad environments

Answer 24

differential susceptibility

Question 25

the study of heritable changes in the way that gene expression is activated or silenced with out altering the genetics

Answer 25

epigenetics

Question 26

During the embryonic period when neurons are rapidly developing

Answer 26

neuron proliferaiton

Question 27

When neural connections are made beginning in the prenatal stage

Answer 27

synaptogenesis

Question 28

By age 2 how many synaps does a child have?

Answer 28

15, 000

Question 29

The movement of neurons to areas within the brain that require more neural connections to work. Without neural stimulation some parts of the brain will have less neurons

Answer 29

neural migration

Question 30

the brain’s removal of neural connections that are not often used beginning at age 2

Answer 30

synaptic pruning

Question 31

brain processes that are universal

Answer 31

experience-expectant plasticity

Question 32

brain processes that are unique to the individual or culture

Answer 32

experience-dependent process

Question 33

How does neural development connect to our ability to socialize?

Answer 33

as our brain is capable of doing more things, we can be more active in our social development

Question 34

a nerve cell that fires when a person acts and when a person observes the same action in another person

Answer 34

mirror neuron

Question 35

When children and primary caregiver matches their biological rhythms to be more sensitive to the needs of the child

Answer 35

biobehavioural synchrony

Question 36

how are mother and child in sync?

Answer 36

heart rhythms, co-regulation,cortisol and oxytocin levels, empathy and amygdala response

Question 37

When a baby pays more attention to certain parts of the face that communicate emotion and information, we call this?

Answer 37

visual preparation

Question 38

when a baby listens more to shorter sentences and slower talking to be attuned to their native language.

Answer 38

auditory preparedness