Week 4

Question 1

Define conflict of interest?

Answer 1

A situation in which a person is (or persons are) in a position to
derive personal benefit and unfair advantage from actions or
decisions they made

Question 2

Define researcher bias?

Answer 2

Any factor—such as investment in the product being studied or
gifts from the product manufacturer—that might influence the
researcher to favour certain results

Question 3

How can conflicts of interest impact research?

Answer 3

Industries may have an influence for financial gain such as new design for ^sales, therefore It can affect the research and analysis of results in an accurate and impartial manner

Question 4

Types of Bias?(7)

Answer 4

Researcher - influencing the researcher eg gifts
Selection - participants selected not at random
Self report - Error introduced
Recall - Difference in participants ability to recall info
Publication - Journals publishing with positives
Confounding - Error or inaccuracy due to exposure
Residual confounding - Error remains after controlling for confounding of study

Question 5

Ways to minimise bias?(8)

Answer 5

Disclosure requirements

Prevent industry influencing on research

Develop more accurate results = reduced self report/recall bias

More funding = better design, larger scale, long term RCT’s

Improve transparency by providing access to data for other people to analyse, and register all RCT’s

Journals must include negative findings

Avoid implication language

Support working together to help give others a better understanding

Question 6

Define health inequalities?

Answer 6

The preventable, unfair and unjust differences in health status between groups, populations or individuals caused from the unequal of social, environmental and economic distribution conditions which determines the risk of illness and opportunities to access treatment

or

Health disparities that stem from inequitable distribution of social, environmental, and economic resources, leading to unfair differences in health status and limited access to treatment.

Question 7

How does deprivation affect health inequalities? (3)

Answer 7

Increases risk of chronic disease

Makes it harder to access healthy options and sustain a healthy lifestyle

Has a negative impact on life expectancy

Question 8

Associations with health and deprivation with race, ethnicity and sex? (4)

Answer 8

6/10 of men and women are obese/overweight in the UK

CV disease most common in male adults

With mental illness

From South Asia or Africa

Question 9

Implications that do not represent population diversity? (7)

Answer 9

Cost
Convenience
Language
Availability
Lack of diversity om area
Lack of awareness
Desire to protect vulnerable groups

Question 10

Other considerations for research implications?(5)

Answer 10

Circadian rhythms
Seasonal variation
Behaviour - pre-study such as exercising before challenge
Measurement techniques
Translating animal data into human context