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Osteology & Arthrology > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

joint between C1 (atlas) and occiput

A

atlanto-occipital joint

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2
Q

joint between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)

A

atlanto-axial

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3
Q

what is the continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament

A

tectoral membrane

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4
Q

where does the PLL become the tectoral membrane

A

C2 level

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5
Q

what does the alar ligament anchor

A

lateral dens to lateral margin of foramen magnum

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6
Q

what movement does the alar ligament restrict

A

contralateral rotation

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7
Q

what makes up the cruciate ligament

A

superior longitudinal band, transverse ligament of atlas, inferior longitudinal band

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8
Q

where does the superior longitudinal band of the cruciate ligament attach

A

transverse ligament of atlas to occipital

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9
Q

where does the transverse ligament of atlas attach

A

between the tubercles on medial aspects of lateral masses of atlas

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10
Q

what does the transverse ligament of atlas of the cruciate ligament do

A

holds the odontoid process in place

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11
Q

where does the inferior longitudinal band attach

A

transverse ligament of atlas to C2 body

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12
Q

what is the purpose for the inferior longitudinal band of the cruciate ligament

A

anchor the transverse ligament of atlas

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13
Q

what is posterior to the cruciate ligament

A

the apical ligament and alar ligaments

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14
Q

where does the apical ligament attach

A

dens to occiput

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15
Q

what are the ligaments that connect the lamina of adjacent vertebrae called

A

ligamentum flava

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16
Q

what level does the ligamentum flava start at

A

C2-C3 all the way to the sacrum

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17
Q

where does the nuchal ligament start and end at

A

at the external occipital protuberance and ends at C7 on the spinous process

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18
Q

what does the nuchal ligament transition into at the C7 level

A

surpaspinous ligament

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19
Q

where does the supraspinous ligament end

A

S1

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20
Q

what is another name for C7

A

vertebral prominence

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21
Q

what does the ligamentum flava become when it stops at the C2-C3 level

A

atlanto-axial membrane

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22
Q

what ligament connects the spinous process of adjacent vertebrae

A

interspinous ligament

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23
Q

what ligament runs along the posterior aspect of the spinous processes

A

supraspinous ligament

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24
Q

what ligament is on the posterior aspect of the vertebral body

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

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25
Q

what ligament is on the anterior aspect of the vertebral body

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

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26
Q

what two ligaments are on the anterior border of the central canal

A

PLL and ALL

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27
Q

what ligament is on the posterior aspect of the central canal

A

ligamentum flava

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28
Q

tectoral membrane

A

continuation of PLL at C2 that covers the atlanto-axial joints and ligaments

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29
Q

where are the inter-transverse ligaments located

A

between the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae

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30
Q

where are the costotransverse ligaments located

A

attach ribs to sternum

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31
Q

what are zygapophyseal joints also called

A

facet joints, Z joint

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32
Q

what type of joints are zygapophyseal joints

A

gliding joints

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33
Q

what are the only synovial joints in the spine

A

zygapophyseal joints

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34
Q

where are zygapophyseal joints found

A

between the superior and inferior articulating facets of adjacent vertebrae

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35
Q

what receptors are in the zygapophyseal joints

A

proprioceptors and nociceptors (pain receptors)

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36
Q

what part of the joint capsule in zygapophyseal joints contains the nociceptors and proprioceptors

A

the fibrous part of the joint capsul

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37
Q

what nerve innervates the zygopophyseal joint

A

dorsal primary rami

38
Q

what other structures are innervated by the dorsal primary rami

A

the deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back

39
Q

what controls movement in the joints

A

the angles of the articulating facets

40
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

uneven loss of joint space

41
Q

what is the angle of articulation for the zygapophyseal joint in the cervical vertebrae

A

45 degrees

42
Q

what is the angle of articulation for the zygapophyseal joint in the thoracic vertebrae

A

60 degrees

43
Q

what is the angle of articulation for the zygapophyseal joint in the lumbar vertebrae

A

90 degrees

44
Q

what movement does the posterior longitudinal ligament restrict

A

flexion (bending forward)

45
Q

what movement does the intertransverse ligament restrict

A

lateral flexion to the opposite side (right side restricts left bending)

46
Q

what movement does the anterior longitudinal ligament restrict

A

hyper extension (back bend)

47
Q

what ligament is rotation primarily restricted by

A

interspinous ligament, intertransverse ligament, and ligamentum flavum

48
Q

what is another name for synovial joints

A

diarthrotic joints

49
Q

how does movement of the spine occur

A

gliding of the zygapophyses joint and deformation of the cartilaginous symphesis in the intervertebral disc

50
Q

intervertebral discs have what kind of joint

A

synchondrosis

51
Q

what is the function of intervertebral disc

A

provide cushioning and flexibility between vertebrae

52
Q

what level of innervation is found in the intervertebral discs

A

highly innervated

53
Q

what makes up the intervertebral disc

A

outer layer- annulus fibrosus
inner layer- nucleus pulposus

54
Q

what part of the intervertebral disc becomes fibrous as we age

A

the nucleus pulposus

55
Q

what layer of the intervertebral disc is highly innervated

A

the annulus fibrosus

56
Q

name the sequence of damage to the intervertebral disc

A

disc degeneration, prolapse, extrusion, sequestration

57
Q

what happens during prolapse of damage to the IVD

A

slight tearing of the annulus fibrosus but outermost layer is still intact

57
Q

describe the first step of herniation

A

disc degeneration, some tearing in the inner layers of the annulus fibrosus

58
Q

what happens during extrusion of damage to the IVD

A

complete tearing of the annulus fibrosus outermost layer

59
Q

what happens during sequestration during damage to the IVD

A

pieces of the disc are sloughing off, fragmenting

60
Q

what can a prolapsed disc cause

A

compression of the nerve root

61
Q

what are the two joints of the sternum

A

manubriosternal and xyphisternal

62
Q

during respiration what motions take place at the sternal angle

A

flexion and extension

63
Q

where is the sternal angle located

A

at the manubriosternal joint, around T4-T5

64
Q

what type of joint is the manubriosternal joint

A

symphysis

65
Q

what type of joint is the xyphisternal joint

A

synchondrosis

66
Q

do the ribs articulate directly with the sternum

A

no

67
Q

how do the ribs articulate with the sternum

A

costal cartilage

68
Q

what two ribs do not articulate with the sternum

A

11 and 12

69
Q

two points of costal cartilage

A

sternocostal and costochondral

70
Q

what two structures does the sternocostal joint connect

A

the costal cartilage to the sternum

71
Q

what two structures does the costochondral joint connect

A

synchondrosis connects the sternal end of the rib to the costal cartilage

72
Q

what is the radiate sternocostal ligament

A

fibers of the sternocostal joint capsule that radiate from the costal cartilages to the anterior surface of the sternum

73
Q

what is the function of the radiate sternocostal ligament

A

extra support and anchoring of the ribs to sternum

74
Q

where are interchondral joints found

A

ribs 6-10

75
Q

where is the interchondral joint located

A

between the adjacent ribs. so between 6 and 7, 7 and 8, 8 and 9

76
Q

what structures are located on the anterior border of the sternum

A

radiate sternocostal ligaments, costochondral cartilage, and interchondral joints

77
Q

what are costovertebral joints

A

unite the head of the rib with either the full or demi facet of the adjacent vertebrae

78
Q

where are costovertebral joints found with relation to the vertebrae

A

on the lateral side of the vertebral body

79
Q

what is unique about ribs 1 and 9-12

A

they articulate with one vertebral body

80
Q

how are ribs 2-8 numbered

A

according to the superior demi facet of the vertebra it articulates with

81
Q

what is the structure on the vertebrae above a rib that it articulate with

A

the inferior demi facet

82
Q

radiate and intra-articular fibers are found on which ribs

A

all of them

83
Q

what vertebra have a full facet that articulate with the ribs

A

T1, T11 and T12

84
Q

what are costrotransverse joints

A

connects the tubercle of the rib with the articulating surface of the vertebral transverse process

85
Q

how many ligaments make up the costotransverse joint

A

three

86
Q

what are the three ligaments that make up the costotransverse joint

A

super costrotransverse, lateral costrotransverse, and costotransverse

87
Q

location of the superior costotransverse ligament

A

connects rib to the transverse process above it

88
Q

location of the lateral costotransverse ligament

A

connects rib to the end of the transverse process at the same level at the articular process on the TP
-rib to TP on same level

89
Q

location of the costotranverse ligament

A

connnects rib to the articular pillar at the same level

90
Q

when the thorax is in extension which direction do the ribs go

A

up

91
Q

when the thorax is in flexion which direction do the ribs go

A

down

Osteology & Arthrology (5 decks)

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