Week 3 Flashcards
what are the three regions of the spine
cervical, thoracic, lumbar
what are the atypical vertebrae in the cervical spine
C1,C2, and C7
what are the atypical vertebrae in the thoracic spine
T1, T9-12
what happens at the T10 level
the spinous process starts to flatten out
what are the atypical vertebrae in the lumbar spine
L5
why is L5 atypical
it has a smaller vertebral body
how many bones in the sacrum
five
how many bones in the coccyx
three
what is atypical about C1
there is no spinous process
what is atypical about C2
it has the dens/ odontoid process
what is atypical about C7
it sticks out the most, has the most vertebral prominence and lacks a bifid process
what kind of spinal process are in the cervical spine
bifid
why is the vertebral foramen so large in the C1
it contains part of the brain stem
what is a trochoid joint
freely movable allowing rotary movement around an axis
what is another name for a trochoid joint
pivot joint
where is the trochoid joint found in the cervical spine
between C1 and C2 allowing for rotation of the head
what does the angle of facet determine in the vertebrae
range of motion
what is unique about the axis (C2) vertebrae
it has the dens/ odontoid process
first vertebrae with bifid spinous process
what does APOM stand for
anterior to posterior open mouth
-used in X-Ray
what is unique about the C7 vertebrae
there is no longer a bifid spinous process
why is the vertebral foramen larger In the cervical spine
because the spinal cord is the thickest in the cervical region due to transition from the brain stem into the spinal cord
characteristics of typical cervical vertebrae
small body. large vertebral foramen, transverse process with transverse foramen, bifid spinous process in C2-6
what is the function of the transverse foramen in the cervical spine
protection of vertebral arteries
characteristics of typical thoracic vertebrae
larger body than cervical but smaller than lumbar, spinous process pointed and angled downward, superior articular facets face posteriorly allowing for rotation between adjacent vertebrae, rib attachment
what is on the thoracic vertebrae that allows for articulation of ribs
costal facets on the vertebral body
where is the superior vertebral notch located on the thoracic vertebra
on the pedicle
characteristics of atypical thoracic vertebra 9 (T9)
two superior demi facet attachments for attachment on ninth rib, may or may not have inferior demi facets
characteristics of atypical thoracic vertebra 1 (T1)
has superior full facet for head of first rib, inferior demi facet for part of head of 2nd rib
what are the ribs named according to
which transverse process it articulates with
characteristics of atypical thoracic vertebra 10 (T10)
two superior full facets and NO inferior facets
characteristics of atypical thoracic vertebra 11 (T11)
same as T10 and NO transverse facets
why are there no transverse facets on T11
because it is a floating rib so it doesn’t fully anchor to the spine
characteristics of atypical thoracic vertebra 12 (T12)
same as T11, transverse processes have three tubercles homologous to lumbar vertebrae
superior - mammillary
inferior - accessory
lateral - transverse
where is the largest vertebral canal found
in the cervical vertebrae
where is the smallest vertebral canal found
in the thoracic vertebrae
where does the spinal cord typically stop in mature adults
L1
what is different from a spinal cord during development to a mature spinal cord
during development before birth the spinal cord is the full length of the spine
characteristics of atypical lumbar vertebra 5 (L5)
body is not as thick, TP are short and thick, short spinous process, superior articular surfaces are more posterior and less medial, inferior articular process are more anterior and less lateral
what is lumbo-sacral facet syndrome
asymmetry of facing facets
what is the primary curve of the spine
kyphotic
what is the secondary curve of the spine
lordotic
what causes lordosis of the spine to occur during development
movement due to infant lifting of the head and arching of the lower back
what curve are babies born with
kyphotic
what is an abnormal lateral curve of the spine called
scoliosis
what shape is a kypohotic curve
C
what curve is displayed in the cervical spine
lordotic
what curve is displayed in the thoracic spine
kyphotic
what curve is displayed in the lumbar spine
lordotic
what causes the two most mobile regions of the spine to alter
changes in forces applied to them
what are the other osseous structures of the axial skeleton
the ribs and sternum, and hyoid bone
how many pairs of ribs do we have
12
how many true rib pairs are there
7
where are the true ribs
1-7
what do the true ribs connect to
costal cartilage that attaches to the sternum
what are the false ribs
8-10
where do the false ribs attach
costal cartilage for rib 7
where does the costal cartilage for the false ribs attach to
the cartilage of the rib above it
which are the floating ribs
11-12
how many vertebral bodies does the first rib articulate with
one
how many bodies do ribs 2-8 articulate with
two
are the ribs numbered for the superior or inferior vertebae
superior
how many vertebrae do ribs 9-12 articulate with
one
what transverse process do the ribs articulate with
the one they are numbered for
what is unique about ribs 11 and 12
they do not articulate with the sternum
head structure on a typical rib
articulates posteriorly with demifacets on the bodies of two adjacent vertebrae
what are the names of the demi facets articulating with the ribs
superior demi facet and inferior demi facet
what is the neck of the ribs
the space right below the head of the rib
what is the tubercle of a typical rib
articulates posteriorly with transverse costal facet of same numbered thoracic vertebra
where does the rib attach to the sternum
at the site of articulation with costal cartilage
what is the “body” of the rib called
the shaft
what are the three bones of the sternum
manubrium, body, and zyphoid process
what does the sternum articulate with
ribs 1-7 and the clavicle
is the clavicle part of the axial skeleton
no
what is unique about the hyoid bone
it doesn’t articulate with another bones, it is held in place by muscle
what is the joint between the manubrium and the body of the sternum
manubriosternal joint
what is the joint between the body and the xyphoid process
xyphisternal joint
what level of the cervical vertebrae does the hyoid bone typically lie
C3
