week 4

Question 1

gyrus + sulcus

Answer 1

cover entire surface of cerebrum which increases SA = more neurons

Question 2

lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 2

frontal lobe - temporal lobe - occipital lobe - parietal lobe - insula

Question 3

cerebral cortex

Answer 3

outer region of gray matter -

Question 4

basal nuclei

Answer 4

structure: islands of grey matter within the white matter
function: communication with motor areas of cerebral cortex to facilitate smooth skeletal muscle movements (dopamine)

Question 5

cerebral white matter

Answer 5

communication railway of the brain

Question 6

cerebral cortex

Answer 6

• outer grey matter (ridges of cerebrum)
• motor, sensory and association areas

Question 7

primary motor cortex

Answer 7

located: frontal lobe (first at top)
function: generates somatic motor output that stimulates skeletal muscle movements

Question 8

frontal eye field

Answer 8

located: frontal lobe (after premotor cortex)
function: controls voluntary eye movements

Question 9

brocas area

Answer 9

located: frontal lobe (last one down in the middle)
function: controls the muscles involved in speech production

Question 10

premotor cortex

Answer 10

located: frontal lobe (after PMC)
function: controls skills motor activities of a complex nature (tying a bow)

Question 11

primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 11

located: start of the parietal lobe
function: receives general sensory information (touch, pain, vibration, pressure, temperature, proprioception)

Question 12

somatosensory association area

Answer 12

location: after PSC in the parietal lobe
function: receives general sensory input from PSC - interprets input and compares to stores memories to be able to recognise an object by touch alone

Question 13

visual cortex

Answer 13

located: occipital lobe (under association area)
function: receives input detected by photo receptors

Question 14

visual association area

Answer 14

located: occipital lobe (above visual cortex)
function: interprets visual input - allows us to recognise what we see

Question 15

auditory cortex

Answer 15

located: temporal lobe (in the middle)
function: receives sound input detected by the hair cells in the ear to produce and locate sounds

Question 16

auditory association area

Answer 16

structure: temporal lobe (in the middle)
function: interprets auditory input which allows us to recognise sounds due to stored memories

Question 17

gustatory cortex

Answer 17

located: insula
function: perceives taste sensations

Question 18

visceral cortex

Answer 18

located: insula
function: perceives visceral sensations

Question 19

vestibular cortex

Answer 19

located: insula
function: awareness of balance

Question 20

olfactory cortex

Answer 20

located: insula
function: perceives different odours

Question 21

Wernicke’s area

Answer 21

located: left temporal lobe
function: comprehends written and spoken language

Question 22

prefrontal cortex

Answer 22

located: the whole frontal lobe
function: is responsible for our intellect, complex learning abilities, personality and behaviours

Question 23

cerebellum

Answer 23

located: under the cerebrum
function: ensures smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements and maintains posture and balance

Question 24

diencephalon

Answer 24

thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

Question 25

thalamus

Answer 25

located: on top function: relay station for information coming into the cerebral cortex

Question 26

hypothalamus

Answer 26

located: left of the thalamus function: control activities of the autonomic NS (hormones and involuntary)

Question 27

epithalamus

Answer 27

located: right of hypothalamus function: includes pineal gland = produces melatonin = induces sleep

Question 28

limbic system

Answer 28

- establishes and controls emotions - formation of long-term memories

Question 29

structure of the spinal cord (top to bottom)

Answer 29

thalamus - midbrain - pons - medulla oblongata - spinal cord

Question 30

midbrain

Answer 30

- visual and auditory reflex centre - contains substancia nigra - produces dopamine

Question 31

pons

Answer 31

contains cranial nuclei involved in taste, chewing, eye movements, hearing, balance and facial sensations and expressions (face)

Question 32

medulla oblongata

Answer 32

control the cardiovascular and respiratory centre

Question 33

reticular formation

Answer 33

contains the reticular activating system = maintains consciousness

Question 34

how cranium protects the brain

Answer 34

- forms a protective helmet - encloses brain to protect from mechanical forces

Question 35

how meninges protect the brain

Answer 35

- 3 connective tissue membranes that cover the external surface of the brain to protect from mechanical forces (pia mater - arachnoid mater - dura mater - separated by subdural and subarachnoid space)

Question 36

how CFS protects the brain

Answer 36

- CFS produced in the ventricles - shock absorption to protect from mechanical forces - floats the brain reducing its weight - diffusion medium (supplies neural tissue with nutrients and removes waste)

Question 37

how the blood-brain barrier protects the brain

Answer 37

- protects neural tissue from harmful substances and pathogens - makes the brain capillaries the least permeable in the body - selective barrier

Question 38

arteries from neck to cranium

Answer 38

vertebral arteries - internal carotid arteries

Question 39

cerebrum arteries (carotid)

Answer 39

1. internal carotid artery (L+R) 2. middle cerebral artery (L+R) 3. anterior cerebral artery (L+R)

Question 40

cerebrum arteries (vertebral)

Answer 40

1. basilar artery 2. posterior cerebral artery (L+R)

Question 41

cerebral arterial circle

Answer 41

* right and left anterior cerebral arteries * an anterior communicating artery (connects the right and left anterior cerebral arteries) * right and left internal carotid arteries * right and left posterior cerebral arteries right and left posterior communicating arteries

Question 42

venous circulation

Answer 42

- cerebral veins drain deoxygenated blood into the dural sinuses surrounding the brain - then directed back to the heart