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BIOSCIENCE > week 2 > Flashcards

week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

nucleus

A

function: houses DNA - instructions for the cell
structure: largest organelle

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2
Q

rough ER

A

function: packages and exports proteins
structure: studded with ribosomes

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3
Q

ribosomes

A

function: site of protein synthesis
structure: Free ribosomes: floating around cytosol, produce proteins for use inside cells - Membrane bound ribosomes: attached to RER, produced proteins for export

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4
Q

golgi apparatus

A

function: modify, concentrate and packages proteins and lipids
structure: stacks of flattened stacks

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5
Q

smooth ER

A

function: synthesis, storage, transport, detoxification
structure: interconnected tubes continuous with the nuclear envelope

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6
Q

cytoplasm

A

function: support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules
structure: watery space between PM and nucleus

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7
Q

mitochondria

A

function: cellular respiration - releases ATP
structure: bean-shaped, enzymes on surface of inner membrane

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8
Q

lysosomes

A

function: digest biological material
structure: membrane enclosed spheres - contains lysosomal enzymes

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9
Q

cytoskeleton

A

function: acts as cell bones, muscles and ligaments
structure: network of rods running through cytosol

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10
Q

selectively permeable

A

a membrane that allows certain substances to pass while restricting the movement of others

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11
Q

lipid soluble

A

water-insoluble substances

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12
Q

water soluble

A

lipid insoluble substances

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13
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attach loosely to integral proteins or float free
function: plasma membrane support, enzymes or motor functions

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14
Q

integral proteins

A

embedded within the plasma membrane
function: channel or carriers for the transport of substances - enzymes or receptors

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15
Q

channel proteins

A
  • required for small lipid insoluble substances
    leakage channels: always open at both ends (Na+ + K+)
    gated channels: open and one end and can open and close at other end
  • voltage, chemically and mechanically gated
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16
Q

carrier proteins

A

transform shape to allow substances to pass
- used for lipid insoluble or large substances
- glucose and amino acids
- Na+/K+ ATPase pump

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17
Q

passive transport

A

substances move down concentration gradient - requires no energy

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18
Q

simple diffusion

A

unassisted transport of lipid soluble or very small substances across a plasma membrane down its concentration gradient
- oxygen, carbon dioxide, fats, alcohol, steroid hormones

19
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

assisted transport of large or lipid insoluble substances, from an area of high concentration to low concentration using an integral protein
- glucose, sodium, potassium

20
Q

osmosis

A

net diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of more water (less solutes) to an area of less water (more solutes) when the solute cannot pass through the membrane

21
Q

active transport

A

substances move against the concentration gradient using ATP + sometimes integral protein
- Na+ and K+ ions

22
Q

isotonic

A

same concentration as the ICF for both solutes and water - no change

23
Q

hypertonic

A

higher concentration of solutes than ICF so water moves out - SHRINK

24
Q

hypotonic

A

lower concentration of solutes than ICF so water moves in - SWELL

25
resting membrane potential
the potential energy that exists across the plasma membrane resulting from separating oppositely charged ions
26
resting membrane potential: generated
by the movement of potassium ions from ICF to ECF through K+ leakage channels making the ECF more positive relative to ICF
27
maintained
active transport of ions using the Na+/K+ ATPase pump - putting 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in
28
nervous tissue
Structure: nervous tissue is the main component of the brain, spinal cord and nerves - composed of neurons and supporting cells Functions: nervous tissue transmits electrical signals to regulate and control body function
29
muscle tissue
Structure: composed of muscle cells that contain contractile microfilaments Function: specialised for contraction to allow movement - skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle
30
epithelial tissue
Function: linings and coverings - protection (skin), absorption (digestion), excretion and filtration (kidney, lungs), secretion and transport (respiratory tract), sensory function (tongue) structure: composed of epithelial cells that are situated close together with little intercellular space to form continuous sheets - lacks blood vessels (avascular) - oxygen and nutrients delivered by diffusion from underlying connective tissue
31
connective tissue
Function: connecting tissue of the body Structure: most abundant and widely distributed of 4 tissue types
32
characteristic of connective tissue
protein fibres (collagen, elastic, reticular) specialised cells ground substance cartridge bone blood
33
epithelial tissue - skin
epidermis
34
connective tissue - skin
dermis and hypodermis
35
muscle tissues - skin
arterioles and hair
36
nervous tissue - skin
epidermis and dermis - nerves
37
epidermis
Function: prevents substances moving through the skin Structure: tightly joined cells to create continuous sheets - Avascular - nutrients diffuse from blood vessels in the dermis - cells die and are shed - cells replaced with stem cells from hypodermis - replaced every 25-45 days (cells move up when they die)
38
layers of epidermis
5 layers - Stratum Corneum (most superficial layer) - - Stratum Basale (basal/deepest layer)
39
dermis
Function: strength and flexibility Structure: Contains - Macrophages + fibroblasts (collagen/strength) - Blood vessels - Nerves and sensory receptors - Glands - sweat + sebaceous - Hair follicles
40
hypodermis
Function: stores fat, absorbs shock, insulator, anchors skin to underlying tissue Structure: connective and adipose tissue
41
skin functions
protection, sensation, metabolic function, excretion, blood reservoir, temperature regulation
42
stage 1 tissue repair
inflammation - inflammatory chemicals released - blood clot forms - local blood vessels become permeable - macrophages engulf invading organisms and cell debris
43
stage 2 tissue repair
organisation/proliferation - granulation tissue forms - fibroblasts arrive - collagen fibres - blood supply restored - capillaries grow across wound (granulation tissue)
44
stage 3 tissue repair
maturation/remodelling - stem cells grow under scab to regenerate the epithelium - major wound repair: repair done by fibroblasts - scab falls off

BIOSCIENCE (10 decks)

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