Week 4 Flashcards
the design of products, environments, and communications to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.
universal design
name the 7 principles of universal design.
- equitable use
- flexibility in use
- simple and intuitive use
- perceptible information
- tolerance for error
- low physical effort
- size and space for approach and use
- the design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.
- provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible; equivalent when not
- avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users
- provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally available to all users
- make the design appealing to all users
equitable use (principle one)
the design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities
flexibility in use (principle 2)
use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user’s experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.
simple and intuitive use (principle 3)
the design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions of the user’s sensory abilities
perceptible information (principle 4)
the design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions
tolerance for error (principle 5)
the design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue
low physical effort (principle 6)
appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user’s body size, posture, or mobility.
size and space for approach and use (principle 7)
not specific to every population - more catered to individuals with disabilities and their access and needs
accessible design
accessible for all, what is best for the majority of the population
universal design
a combination of outliers between accessible and universal design; combination of both
inclusive design
branch of science that deals with the people and their working environment
ergonomics
ergos
work
nomos
natural laws
name the 4 domains of specialization.
- physical
- cognitive
- organizational
- environmental
concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological, and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity.
physical ergonomics
name the 4 aspects of the primary domain of physical ergonomics for OTs.
- body mechanics
- posture
- manual handling
- repetitive/static tasks
concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.
cognitive ergonomics
name 4 relevant topics of cognitive ergonomics.
- mental workload
- decision-making
- skilled performance
- human-computer interaction
concerned with the optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes.
organizational ergonomics
studies the interaction of people and their physical environment.
environmental ergonomics
name 4 relevant topics of environmental ergonomics.
- lighting
- climate
- sound
- vibrations
workstation, equipment, tools, machinery
engineering/design
work-flow, staffing, job rotations, productivity standards
administrative design
disease/disability, individual change management, biomechanics, psychosocial
worker-based design
pertaining to man or human beings
anthropo
the science that defines physical measures of a person’s size, form, and functional capacities.
anthropometry
used to study the interaction of workers with tasks, tools, machines, vehicles, and PPE
anthropometric measurements
why is anthropometry important?
designs that are incompatible with normal anthropometric measurements of a workforce may result in unintended consequences
name the 10 fundamental principles of ergonomics.
- work in neutral postures
- reduce excessive force
- keep everything in reach
- work at proper height
- reduce excessive motions
- minimize fatigue and static load
- minimize pressure points
- provide clearance
- move, exercise, and stretch
- maintain a comfortable environment
name 3 main important purposes of ergonomics.
- increases productivity
- reduces the cost
- improves the quality of the work
ergonomics are concerned with the interaction between which 3 factors?
- personal factors
- machine/tool factors
- environmental factors
individual characteristics of the worker
personal factors
tools and biomechanical demands needed to perform job tasks
machine/tool factors
stress level, job design, organizational, and environmental issues
environmental factors
name some factors relevant to the machine and tool use in a job.
biomechanical and behavioral demands required to use the tools/machines to perform tasks
name 3 factors relevant to the environment.
- psychological stress
- work design problems
- physical environment
result when the physical/cognitive demands are problematic due to organization or environmental rules/constraints
work design problems
in order to investigate ergonomics we should start by considering which component?
the person
when performing work activity, potential for injury increases when tasks stray further from what?
normative body postures
name the 2 main concerns of universal design.
accessibility and safety
name the domains of specialization in which OTs mainly focus on.
- physical
- cognitive
- environment
we should always focus on what first?
the person
breadth = ____
width
a leaning backrest or chair back should be no more than how many degrees?
15 degrees, if it has to be more than 15 degrees you should alter monitor height
a wrist rest should be no wider than how many inches?
4 inches
when you change one feature you must go back and change what else?
other aspects as well
name 6 ways in which we evaluate MSDs.
- force gauges
- tape measurements - distance, length, width, goniometer, dynamometers
describe positioning of the feet during office ergonomics.
feet should be flat on the ground
describe 2 ways to allow feet to rest on the ground during office work.
- adjustable chair
- foot rest
items in zone 2 should be how many inches away from one’s chair?
16 and 24 inches
items in zone 3 should be how many inches away from one’s chair?
anything past 24 inches (overhead stuff, cabinets)
distance to tip of fingers if elbow is flexed at edge of desk
usual work
monitor usually goes in this spot
non-working area
what is the key term with ergonomics?
INTERACTION between person and environment
