Week 3: Thoracic Spine and Ribs Flashcards
Typical Thoracic vertebrae runs from:
T2 - T9
The body of the vertebrae are of equal:
width and depth
The costal demifacets are:
they are half facets on the body of thoracic vertebrae
In the vertebral vertebral discs, we can find the ___________ (smallest/largest) ratio of disc height to vertebrae height.
smallest
What direction do the pedicles face in the typical thoracic vertebrae?
posteriorly (not laterally)
The pedicles are oriented__________ and this will result in:
posteriorly; narrowing of the vertebral canal
The articular pillars, or facets, of the typical thoracic vertebrae allow for ___________ (greater/lesser) side bending and rotation.
greater
The articular pillars, or facets, of the typical thoracic vertebrae allow for ___________ (greater/lesser) flexion and extension.
lesser
Facet joints of the typical thoracic vetebrae lie ______ off frontal plane
20°
In the typical thoracic vertebrae, the spinous processes:
slope inferiorly from T1 - T8
The tip of the spinous process lie at the level of the __________ ____________ for the majority of the thoracic spine.
caudal vertebrae
The joint capsules of the typical thoracic vertebrae are more:
taut
What are the atypical vertebrae?
T1, T10, T11 and T12
T1 has a _______ costal facet for rib 1 and a ___________ demifacet for rib 2.
full; partial
What is special about the T1 vertebrae?
Full costal facet for rib 1 & partial demifacet for rib 2
Typical cervical-shaped body
Spinous process of T1 is particularly long and prominent
The spinous process of T1 is usually:
long and prominent
T10, 11 and 12 only have:
full costal facets as opposed to demifacets for ribs 10 - 12
What vertebrae are most likely to lack a costotransverse joint?
T10, 11 and 12
T1 and T12 are considered to be:
transitional vertebrae
How many pair of ribs are there?
12
The posterior end of a typical rib has a:
head, neck and articular tubercle
The head and tubercle articulate with the:
thoracic vertebrae
What are the 2 synovial joints of the ribs?
costovertebral and costotransverse
The costovertebral articulation is a _______________ joint that allows what motions?
synovial; gliding and rotation
What are the typical ribs?
2 - 9
Typical ribs have:
a head of a rib
2 adjacent vertebral bodies
intervertebral disc
The atypical ribs are:
1, 10, 11, and 12
atypical vertebrae have a:
head of rib
1 vertebral body
is considered to be more mobile
The costotransverse joint is a __________ joint that permits:
synovial; gliding and rotation
T1 - T6 have slightly ___________costal facets of transverse process and slightly __________ costal tubercles.
These promote which type of movement?
concave; convex; rotation
T7 - T10 have a _______ surface.
flat
T7 - T10 promote what type of movement
gliding
T11 - T12 do not:
articularte at a costotransverse joint
Costochondral joints are junctions between:
anterior rib and cartilage
Is there a lot of movement at the costal chondral joint?
a little bit but not much at all
Chondrosternal is a junction between:
medial cartilage and sternum
The 1st junction is a ___________________. The 2nd - 7th are:
synchondrosis (minimal motion here)
plane synovial (SMALL glides)
Flexion and extension normal ranges of the thoracic spine:
flexion: 20 - 45
Extension 25 - 45
Lateral flexion normal ROM in the thoracic spine:
20 - 40
Normal ranges of rotation at the thoracic spine?
35 - 50
Flexion in the thoracic vertebrae is limited by:
tension in the:
PLL
ligamentum flavum
interspinous ligaments
capsule of facet joints
Extension in the thoracic vertebrae is limited by:
contact of the:
spinous processes, laminae, facet joints
Tension from:
ALL
Facet joint capsule
abdominal muscles
lateral flexion in the thoracic vertebrae is limited by:
facets and ribs
rotation in the thoracic vertebrae is limited by:
ribcage
Lateral flexion is _____________ with some:
coupled; rotation
Amount of rotation in the thoracic vertebrae _____________ in the lower part of the thoracic spine due to facet orientation
decreases
The the upper thoracic spine, lateral flexion and rotation are coupled in the
same direction
In the lower thoracic spine, lateral flexion and rotation may occur in the
opposite direction
Ventilation is the mechanical process of:
air inhalation and exhalation
ventilation is DRIVEN by:
active and passive forces
changes in intrathroracic volume causes:
a change in air pressure
Bot the costotransverse and costovertebral joints create a:
single axis of rotation for the ribs.
When the costotransverse and costovertebral create a single axis of rotation, these movements are called:
elevation and depression
The orientation of the axis determines a:
direction of a rib movement
The upper ribs, 1 -6 , have an axis of rotation closest to the ____________ plane
frontal
If the axis of rotation at the upper ribs is closest to the frontal plane, the ribs move in which plane?
sagittal
Diameter changes occur in which direction when the upper ribs are moving?
anterior posterior (a pump handle motion)
The lower ribs, 7 - 10, have an axis of rotation closest to the ______________ plane
sagittal
If the axis of rotation is closest to the sagittal plane in the lower ribs, what plane do the ribs move in?
Frontal plane
The bucket handle motion applies to the:
lower ribs
the pump handle motion is most directly correlated to:
the lower ribs
External oblique on one side acts ____________with internal oblique on the other side
synergistically
The sit up results in a ___________ line of force
diagnol
The transverse abdominis acts as a ______________ for the obliques.
stabilizer
What are the primary axial rotators?
external and internal obliques
What are the secondary axial rotators?
Ipsilateral latissimus dorsi
ipsilateral iliocostalis lumborum
contralateral transversospinal muscles
Effective extensors of the trunk and offset flexion tendency of obliques while contributing to rotation
The multifidi is crucial for extension stability in the lumbar region during:
axial rotation
The loss of multifidi stabilization may also result in:
visualization of flexion bias of unopposed oblique muscles
The thoracic vertebrae are ultimately _____ flexible and _______ stable.
less;more
motion is limited in the thoracic vertebrae, secondary to:
Rib cage
spinous processes
taut facet joint capsules
ligamentum flavum
dimensions of the discs
vertebral bodies
The thoracic spine and ribs provide:
Stable base for muscles that influence craniocervical region
Protection for the thoracic organs
Mechanical “bellows” for breathing
functional scoliosis can be corrected:
actively
What can physical therapists do about structural scoliosis?
Not much
Scoliosis is a:
deformity of the vertebral column
Scoliosis most commonly involves which spine?
thoracic
T7 - T9 is a common place of:
scoliosis
How is scoliosis named?
by region and side of convexity
The rib hump of scoliosis is associated on the:
convex side
Scoliosis may be just a single curve or it may involve:
secondary compensatory curves
Hyperkyphosis is:
excessive thoracic kyphosis
how does hyperkyphosis occur?
- trauma
- severe DDD
- severe marked osteoporosis
- abnormal growth or development of vertebrae
hyperkyphosis can significantly increase:
interbody joint compression
What may result in compression fracture?
hyperkyphosis
