Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kinesiology (Mine) > Week 1: Introduction to Spinal Column > Flashcards

Week 1: Introduction to Spinal Column Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebral discs are there?

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many vertebra are there?

A

33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how many cervical vertebra do you have?

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many thoracic vertebra do you have?

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how many lumbar vertebra do you have?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how many sacral vertebra do you have?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how many coccygeal vertebra do you have?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 3 functions of the vertebral column?

A

Provide protection
provide attachment points
meet the demands of mobility and stability of the trunk and extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 primary or kyphotic curves?

A

thoracic and sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 2 secondary or lordotic curves?

A

lumbar and cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the advantage of a curved vertebral column vs. a straight rod?

A

it increases the ability to resist compressive load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A “functional unit” of the spine consists of:

A

any 2 adjacent vertebra
intervertebral discs
soft tissues that secures them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A typical vertebra consists of two parts. Anteriorly, we have the vertebral _______ and posteriorly, we have the vertebral or neural ________.

A

body; arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The vertebral or neural arch can be divided into:

A

pedicles and posterior elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 4 posterior elements of the vertebral or neural arch?

A

laminae
articular processes
spinous processes
transverse processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A curved vertebra provides an opportunity for ______ forces to act at:

A

shear; regions of transitions between curves… ex: C7 - T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In the case of insufficient cortical bone, what structure is subject to stress fractures?

A

pars interarticularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When a stress fracture occurs bilaterally at the pars interarticularis, does this results in a forward or backward slipping of the vertebra?

A

forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

when a stress fracture occurs bilaterally at the pars interarticularis, resulting in a forward slipping of the vertebra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spondylolisthesis most commonly occurs at the ________ secondary to angulation of this segment.

A

L5/S1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of the body of a vertebra?

A

resist compressive loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of the pedicle of a vertebra?

A

transmit bending forces from the posterior elements to the vertebral body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the lamina of a vertebra?

A

transmit forces from the articular, transverse and spinous processes to the pedicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the transverse processes of a vertebra?

A

serves as a muscle attachment and provides mechanical layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of the spinous process of a vertebra?

A

serves as a muscle attachment and provides mechanical layer; also serves as a bony block to motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of the vertebral foramen of a vertebra?

A

combined with all segments, forms a passage and protection for spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What structure composes 20 - 33% of vertebral height?

A

intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What structure progresses in size from 3 mm in the cervical region to 9 mm in the lumbar region?

A

intervertebral disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

intervertebral disc size is directly related to:

A

amount of motion and magnitude of the load that is being transmitted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the 3 parts of an intervertebral disc?

A

nucleus pulposus
anulus fibrosus
vertebral end plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the jelly donut of an intervertebral disc made of?

A

anulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the “pulp like” center of an intervertebral disc?

A

nucleus pulposus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the fibrous outer ring of an intervertebral disc?

A

annulus fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the nucleus pulposus is ______% water.

A

70 - 90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the annulus fibrosus is _____% water.

A

60 - 70

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are 4 characteristics of the annulus fibrosis?

A
  1. it is 60 - 70% water
  2. made of collagen and elastin
  3. arranged in 15 - 25 concentric fibers
    fibers are oriented 65 degrees from vertical
37
Q

what are contents of a vertebral end plate (cartilaginous layer)?

A

covering superior and inferior surfaces
.6 to 1 mm of cartilage in adults
strongly attached to annulus fibrosis but not the vertebral body

38
Q

What intervertebral disc layer is called the cartilaginous layer?

A

vertebral end plate

39
Q

Is the vertebral end plate larger or smaller in children compared to adults?

A

larger

40
Q

what are the 4 major functions of the intervertebral disc?

A
  1. Separate 2 vertebral bodies and therefore increase available motion
  2. transmit load from 1 vertebral body to the next
  3. stabilization of the spine
  4. provide space between vertebrae for exiting spinal nerves
41
Q

___% of force is transmitted through the intervertebral disc.

A

80

42
Q

what allows for the uniform distribution of force in the intervertebral discs?

A

fluid property

43
Q

available motion is a reflection of ratio of ______ height to ________ ______ height.

A

disc; vertebral

44
Q

When the ratio of disc height to vertebral height is larger, this will allow for ___________ (greater/lesser) movement

A

greater

45
Q

where is the ratio of disc height to vertebral body height the largest?

A

cervical, then lumbar, then spine

46
Q

When is disc pressure large?

A

When the load is in front of you (bending forward)

47
Q

What effect does slouching have on disc pressure?

A

it produces larger disc pressure

48
Q

What type of joints are between the vertebral bodies?

A

symphysis type cartilaginous joints

49
Q

what are motions are available at the intervertebral joints?

A

gliding (AP, ML, and torsional)
distraction and compression
rotation (also called a tilt - AP - lateral direction)

50
Q

Which structures have a:
gliding motion?
distraction and compression?
Rotation?

A

Gliding - A and C
Distraction and Compression B
Rotation - E, D, F

51
Q

what type of joints are zygapophyseal joints?

A

synovial joints

52
Q

the zygapophyseal joints are an articulation of superior articulating faces with:

A

inferior articulating facets of cranial vertebra

53
Q

What joints contain fibroadipose meniscoids?

A

zygapophyseal joints

54
Q

What affects available motion of the articular processes of zygapophyseal joints?

A

shape and orientation of the articular processes

55
Q

Which ligament limits extension?

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

56
Q

What ligaments limit forward flexion?

A 
Posterior Longitudinal ligament (PLL)
Ligamentum Flavum
Interspinous Ligaments
Supraspinous ligaments
intertransverse ligaments
57
Q

what ligament limits forward flexion specifically in the lumbar area?

A

ligamentum flavum

58
Q

what ligament limits forward flexion and reinforces posterior portion of the annulus fibrosis?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

59
Q

what ligament limits extension and reinforces anterolateral portion of annulus fibrosus and anterior aspect of the intervertebral joints?

A

Anterior Longitudinal ligament

60
Q

What is 1 contributing factor to the relatively high incidence of posterolateral disc herniations in the lumbar spine? why?

A

the narrowing of the PLL. it does not provide as much support to the intervertebral discs here.

61
Q

Strength of zygapophyseal joint capsules is highest in the _________________ region and at the ____________________ junction.

A

thoracolumbar; cervicothoracic

62
Q

zygapophyseal joints are primary restraints to:

A

cervical rotation
side bending
lumbar rotation

63
Q

zygapophyseal joints are vulnerable to hyper_________.

A

hyperflexion

64
Q

Motions of the vertebral column often appear independent, but at the level of motion segments these motions are often “coupled”. what does this mean?

A

coupling: consistent association of one motion about an axis with another motion around a different axis.

65
Q

The concept of “coupling” can best be seen when performing which 2 motions?

A

lateral flexion and rotation

66
Q

Coupling patterns vary based on:

A

spinal posture
spinal curvature
orientation of articulating facets
fluidity/ elasticity/ thickness of the disc
extensibility of the muscles, ligaments and joint capsules

67
Q

Intervertebral discs are great because they:

A
  1. inc. movement between 2 adjacent vertebra
  2. allows for vertebrae to rock or tilt on each other secondary to deformable disc between them
  3. adds significant range of motion
  4. the annulus fibrosus restricts motion
68
Q

what are the 3 kinematic functions of the intervertebral joints?

A

determine magnitude of movement
distribute load
create space for movement and passage of the spinal nerve roots

69
Q

Facet joints determine the __________ of the movement.

A

direction

70
Q

Osteokinematics of the spine is:

A

a description of the movement based on direction of superior segment’s anterior portion

71
Q

arthrokinematics involve approximation, distraction, sliding and tipping of ____________________ joints.

A

intervertebral

72
Q

Arthrokinematics of the facet joints allow for:

A

approximation/ gapping

sliding

73
Q

Flexion of the spinal column results in an ________ tilt and ________ glide of the superior vertebra?

A

anterior; anterior

74
Q

What motion results in widening of the intervertebral foramen and separation of the spinous processes?

A

flexion

75
Q

what motion results in anterior compression of the annulus fibrosus and posterior stretching of the annulus fibrosis?

A

spinal flexion

76
Q

Excessive spinal flexion is limited due to:

A 
supraspinous and interspinous ligaments
tension in facet joint capsules
ligamentum flavum
posterior longitudinal ligament
posterior annulus ligament
back extensors
77
Q

Spinal extension allow for ___________ tilt and glide of the superior vertebra

A

posterior

78
Q

what movement results in narrowing of the intervertebral foramen and spinous processes approximate?

A

spinal extension

79
Q

what movement results in posterior compression of the annulus fibrosus and anterior stretching of the annulus ligament?

A

spinal extension

80
Q

excessive motion of spinal extension is limited secondary to:

A 
bony contact of spinous processes
tension in facet joint capsules
anterior longitudinal ligaments
anterior anulus fibrosus
anterior trunk muscles
81
Q

Lateral flexion of the spinal column causes a lateral ________, __________ and _________ of the superior vertebra over the vertebra below?

A

tilt, rotation, translation

82
Q

_______________ results in widening of intervertebral foramen on the side contralateral to the lateral flexion and narrowing on the ipsilateral side

A

lateral flexion

83
Q

_________________ results in compression of the annulus fibrosus on the ipsilateral side of movement and stretching on the contralateral side of movement

A

lateral flexion

84
Q

Regarding lateral flexion, why does the direction of rotation differ slightly in different regions?

A

The orientation of the facets

85
Q

Excessive movement of lateral flexion is limited secondary to:

A

annulus fibrosus
intertransverse ligaments
trunk muscles

86
Q

Kinematic rotation causes ________________ of the contralateral facet joint and _______________ of the ipsilateral facet joint.

A

approximation; distraction

87
Q

Kinetics: vertebral column is subject to:

A

axial compression, tension, bending, torsion, shear

88
Q

kinetics: ability to resist the loads varies by _________ and depends on:

A 
region!
Type/ duration/ rate of loading
persons age
posture
various structural elements (vertebral bodies, joints, discs, muscles, joint capsules and ligaments)
integrity of the nervous system
89
Q

What are the 6 functions of the spinal musculature?

A

control posture
stabilize axial skeleton
protect spinal cord and internal organs
generate intra - thoracic and intra - abdominal pressure
produce torque for movement of the body
mobility of head and neck for optimal place of eyes, ears, and nose

Kinesiology (Mine) (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions