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Neuro B3 - WLB > Week 3 - Severson > Flashcards

Week 3 - Severson Flashcards

1
Q

What is the extent of the pharynx?

A

Base of the skull to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx (C6)

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2
Q

What is the relationship of the lower part of the pharynx to the larynx?

A

The pharynx is continuous with the larynx as a passageway for food

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3
Q

What is the function of pharynx?

A

Conducts inspired air from the nose into the larynx

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4
Q

With what structures does the pharynx communicate anteriorly?

A

Nose, mouth, and larynx

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5
Q

What structures are found in the buccopharyngeal fascia?

A

Pharyngeal plexus of nerves and vessels

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6
Q

What space is found between the buccopharyngeal fascia and the anterior surface of the vertebral column?

A

Retropharyngeal space

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7
Q

What is the pharyngobasilar fascia and where is it located?

A
  • submucosa that forms folds and arches when it covers the muscles
  • firmly attached to the base of the skull
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8
Q

What three muscles form the musclular wall?

A
  1. Superior constrictor
  2. Middle constrictor
  3. Inferior constrictor
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9
Q

Where does each of the three muscles of the musclar layer originate?

A
  • Superior
    • mandible, medial pterygoid plate, and pterygomandibular raphe
  • Middle
    • hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament
  • Inferior
    • cricoid and thyroid cartilage
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10
Q

What is the common site of insertion for the three muscles of the muscular layer?

A

Posteriorly into a fibrous median raphe

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11
Q

What is the cricopharyngeus muscle, and what is its significance?

A
  • Lowest fibers of the inferior constrictor muscle
  • exerts a sphincter effect of the lower pharynx, which prevents air from entering the stomach or regurgitation
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12
Q

What nerve innervates the three muscles of the muscular layer?

A

Pharyngeal Plexus (Vagus Nerve - CN X)

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13
Q

Where does the stylopharyngeus muscle originate and insert?

A
  • Originate:
    • tip of styloid process
  • Insert:
    • between the superior and middle constrictor muscles
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14
Q

What is the innervation of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve - CN IX

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15
Q

How are the palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus muscles innervated?

A

Pharyngeal Plexus (Vagus Nerve - CN X)

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16
Q

With what area anteriorly does the nasopharynx communicate?

A

posterior nasal apertures

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17
Q

What structure closes off the nasopharynx from the remainder of the pharynx?

A

Elevation of the soft palate

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18
Q

What structure marks the entrance to the auditory tube?

A

Tubul elevation

(a.k.a. torus tubarius)

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19
Q

What tonsillar tissue is found in nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

(a.k.a. adenoids)

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20
Q

What cranial nerves supply the mucosa of the nasopharynx?

A

Maxillary Division of Trigeminal (V2)

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21
Q

With what area does the oropharynx communicate anteriorly?

A

Mouth

(via oropharyngeal isthmus)

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22
Q

What folds or arches mark the boundaries of the palatine tonsils?

A

Anteriorly: Palatoglossal arch

Posteriorly: Palatopharyngeal arch

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23
Q

What cranial nerve serves as the afferent and efferent limbs for the gag reflex?

A
  • Afferent = Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
  • Efferent = Vagus (CN X)
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24
Q

What role does the epiglottis play in swallowing?

A

Directs food down the laryngopharynx into the esophagus.

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25
Q

Where is the piriform recess, and what cranial nerve innervates this area?

A
  • Grooves located on either side of the laryngeal inlet
  • Innervated by Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
    • branch of Vagus Nerve - CN X
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26
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the remainder of the laryngopharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

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27
Q

What nerves provide motor innervation to the pharyngeal muscles?

A

Pharyngeal branch of Vagus Nerve (CN X)

(except Stylopharyngeus which is CN IX)

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28
Q

How are the sensory nerves of the pharynx distributed?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
    • Nasopharynx
    • Oropharynx
    • Laryngopharynx
  • Maxillary Division of Trigeminal (CN V2)
    • Nasopharynx
  • Vagus Nerve (CN X)
    • Laryngopharynx
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29
Q

Where do the postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the pharyngeal blood vessels have their cell bodies?

A

Superior Cervical Ganglia?

30
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?

A

roof of the Nasopharynx

31
Q

Why do individuals with adenoids have difficulty breathing through their nose?

A

They may obstruct the passage of air from the nasal cavities through the choanae into the nasopharynx

32
Q

What is the relationship of the pharyngeal tonsils to the tubal tonsils?

A

Infections from the pharyngeal tonsils may pass to the tubal tonsils

33
Q

What tonsillar tissue is specifically involved with otitis media?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

34
Q

What vesses is involved with bleeding in tonsillectomy?

A

External palatine vein

35
Q

What cranial nerve is present in the tonsillectomy region and vulnerable to injury?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

36
Q

Why would a branchial fistula open into the palatine tonsillar region?

A

Failure of branchial cleft to close during fetal development –> leading to abnormal passage from the pharynx to the external surface of the neck

37
Q

What bones contribute to the external nose?

A
  • Nasal
  • Maxilla (frontal processes)
  • Frontal (nasal part)
38
Q

What type of cartilage is associated with the soft part of the nose?

A

Hyaline cartilage

39
Q

What is the naris?

A

Nostril

40
Q

What is the choana?

A

Opening at the back of the nasal passage that empties into the nasopharynx.

41
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

Most anterior part of the nasal cavity

42
Q

What is the conchae?

A

Turbinate bones

43
Q

Where is the nasal olfactory mucosa located?

A

Covers the surface of the nasal wall

44
Q

What bones compose the nasal system?

A

Ethmoid bone = perpendicular plate

Vomer

45
Q

What forms the anterior part of the nasal septum?

A

Septal cartilage

46
Q

What are the nasal meatuses?

A

Passageways lateral and inferior to the conchae

47
Q

The superior and middle conchae are part of what bone?

A

Ethmoid

48
Q

What duct opens into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

49
Q

With what meatus is the semilunar hiatus associated?

A

Middle meatus

50
Q

What sinuses opens into the middle meatus?

A

Ethmoid sinus, Maxillary sinus & Frontal sinus

51
Q

What sinus opens into the superior meatus?

A

Ethmoid sinus

52
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinus open?

A

Supreme nasal conchae = sphenoethmoidal recess

53
Q

Where do the olfactory nerves terminate?

A
  • Central processes:
    • pass through cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone and enter the olfactory bulb
  • Peripheral processes:
    • spread out on the uppermost part of the nasal mucosa (mostly over superior conchae and upper septum)
54
Q

What parts of the trigeminal nerve supply the nasal cavity?

A

Maxillary Branch - CN V2

(Lateral and medial posterior nerves)

AND

Ophthalmic Branch - CN V1

(Anterior ethmoidal nerve - branch of nasociliary)

55
Q

What is the course of the nasopalatine nerve?

A

Supplies the nasal septum –> passes through the incisive canal –> terminates behind the upper incisors

56
Q

How do the greater palatine nerves contribute innervation to the nasal cavity?

A
  • Branches of Greater Palatine:
    • Posterior inferior lateral nasal nerves
      • supply the posterior parts of the middle and inferior meatuses and the inferior concha
57
Q

What area does the anterior ethmoidal nerve innervate?

A

Supplies the anterior nasal cavity.

58
Q

What blood vessels contribute to the nasal cavity?

A
  • Lateral nasal wall
    • Sphenopalatine artery
    • Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
  • Septum
    • Ethmoidal arteries
    • Sphenopalatine artery
    • Superior labial artery
    • Greater palatine artery
59
Q

What blood vessel serves as the major blood supply of the nasal cavity?

A

Sphenopalatine artery

60
Q

What are the four major sinuses?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Maxillary
  3. Ethmoid
  4. Sphenoid
61
Q

Why may sinusitis cause toothache?

A

The Posterior superior alveolar nerve supplies the Maxillary Sinus.

Infection of this sinus may apply pressure on the nerve –> resulting in toothache!

62
Q

What is the significance of CSF rhinorrhea?

A

May be the primary indication of a cranial base fracture of the ethmoid bone.

63
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Swelling and inflammation of the nasal mucosa

64
Q

Where may inflammations of the nasal cavity spread?

A
  • Cribiform plate –> anterior cranial fossa
  • Nasopharyns and retropharyngeal soft tissues
  • Middle ear via the auditory tube (pharyngotympanic)
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Lacrimal apparatus and conjunctiva
65
Q

What bones form the hard palate?

A

Palatine processes of Maxillary bone

66
Q

What nerves innervate the muscles of the soft palate?

A
  • Vagus (CN X)
    • Levator veli palatini
    • Musculus uvulae
    • Palatoglossus
    • Palatopharyngeus
  • Trigeminal (CN V
    • Tensor veli palatini
67
Q

What muscles are involved in forming the soft palate?

A
  • Tensor veli palatini
  • Levator veli palatini
68
Q

How do the greater and lesser palatine nerves and the nasopalating nerve reach their destination?

A

Branches of the Maxillary Nerve that pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion.

  • General sensory (CN V2)
  • Special sensory/taste (CN VII)
  • Autonomic fibers (para/sympathetic)
69
Q

What area is innervated by the greater palatine nerve?

A

Bulk of the hard palate

70
Q

What area is innervated by the lesser palatine nerve?

A

Soft palate & tonsillar region

71
Q

What area is innervated by the nasopalatine nerve?

A

Anterior palate

72
Q

What is the source of the palatine arteries?

A

Descending - Maxillary Artery

Ascending - Facial Artery

Neuro B3 - WLB (11 decks)

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