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Neuro B3 - WLB > Week 3 - Ach (Embryo of Face/Palate) > Flashcards

Week 3 - Ach (Embryo of Face/Palate) Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the facial prominences develop?

A

Rostral end of the embryo surrounding the rostral opening of the primitive gut (stomodeum).

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2
Q

The five facial prominences form as what cells proliferat and migrate into the pharyngeal arches?

A

Neural crest cells

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3
Q

What makes up the frontonasal prominence?

A

Mesenchyme ventral to the brain vesicles

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4
Q

What makes up the bilateral maxillary prominences?

A

Extensions from the first part of the first pharyngeal arch mesenchyme

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5
Q

What makes up the bilateral mandibular prominences?

A

Second part of the first pharyngeal arch mesenchyme

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6
Q

What structures does the frontonasal prominence give rise to?

A
  • Forehead
    • Dorsal aspect of the nose
  • Lateral nasal prominences
    • sides of the nose
  • Medial nasal prominences
    • intermaxillary segment
    • midline of the nose
    • nasal septum
    • philtrum (midline portion of upper lip)
    • upper jaw component of maxilla
    • Primary Palate
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7
Q

What structures do the bilateral maxillary prominences give rise to?

A
  • Medial nasal prominences
    • Check/mid-region of the face
    • Most of the Maxilla
    • Most of the Upper Lip
    • Secondary palate
  • Lateral nasal prominences
    • Nasolacrimal groove
    • Nasolacrimal sac & duct
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8
Q

What structures do the bilateral mandibular prominences form?

A
  • Lower lip
  • Jaw
  • Inferior part of the face
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9
Q

What are placodes?

A

Ectodermal thickenings with neurogenic potential that appear in pairs on the developing head.

***Special senses

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10
Q

What are the thre placodes? What do they become?

A
  1. Lens placodes –> lens of the eye
  2. Otic placodes –> Inner ear
  3. Nasal placodes –> nasal cavity and part of upper lip
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11
Q

What is the Stomodeum?

A

Depression in the ectoderm surrounded by five facial prominences.

***Future site of the mouth.

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12
Q

What forms the floor of the Oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) Membrane?

A

Surface ectoderm from the stomodeum

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13
Q

Where is the Oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) Membrane located?

A

At the junction of the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue.

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14
Q

When does the Oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) Membrane break down and open the primitive gut to the amniotic cavity?

A

Around day 24

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15
Q

When is the most critical period of development of the palate?

A

End of Week 6 - Beginning of Week 9

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16
Q

What does the primary palate develop from?

A

Frontonasal prominence –>

Medial nasal prominences –>

Intermaxillary segment –> PRIMARY PLATE!

17
Q

The primitive primary palate becomes what in an adult?

A

Portion of hard palate immediately behind the upper incisor teeth and area anterior to the incisive foramen.

18
Q

What does the Secondary Palate develop from?

A

Maxillary prominences –>

Medial nasal prominences –>

SECONDARY PALATE!

19
Q

How does the Secondary Palate form/grow?

A
  • Palatine shelves grow toward the midline from medial aspects of the maxillary prominences
  • Initially orientated down below tongue
  • Shelves elevate to horizontal above tongue
  • Fuse in midline (anterior –> posterior)
20
Q

What part of the Secondary Palate is the last to fuse at about 12 weeks?

A

UVULA!

21
Q

What landmark mards the fusion of the Primary and Secondary Palates?

A

Incisive foramen

22
Q

How does the bone develop in the hard palate?

(i.e. endochondral or intramembranous)

A

Intramembranous ossification

23
Q

Instead of becoming ossified, the soft palate develops what kind of tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle

24
Q

What factors affect facial structures as we age?

A
  • Development and expansion of the paranasal sinuses
  • Mandible and maxilla grow and change shape in conjunction with tooth development
  • Growth of nasal septum and conchae enlarge the nose
25
Q

How do the nasal pits form?

A

Nasal placodes invaginate

26
Q

What forms the base of the nasal placode/pit?

A

olfactory epithelium

27
Q

What does the base of the nasal placode/pit differentiate into?

A

Neurosensory cells within the epithelium

28
Q

The lateral walls of the nasal pit form blind-ended nasal sacs lined by surface ectoderm to form what?

A

Primitive nasal cavities

29
Q

What membrane separates the oral cavity from the primitive nasal cavity?

A

Oronasal membrane

30
Q

After the oronasal membrane ruptures during week 6, what primitive structure is formed allowing communication between the nasal and oral cavities?

A

Primitive Choana

31
Q

What is the most common form of congenital nasal obstruction?

A

Choanal atresia

-failure of the oronasal membrane separating the nasal pits from the primitive cavity to break down during week 6

32
Q

Why is Choanal Atresia especially dangerous?

A

“Normal” babies are nose breathers…

Babies with Choanal Atresia are mouth breathers.

This isn’t a problem for them until they are breastfeeding and are required to breath out of their nose while feeding.

33
Q

Growth of what marks the formation of the definitive Choanae at the junction of the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx?

A

Secondary palate

(separate oral and nasal cavities)

34
Q

What prominence forms the nasal septum?

A

Medial Nasal Prominences

35
Q

What facial characteristics are affected by prenatal exposure to EtOH?

A
  • Low nasal bridge
  • Wide set eyes
  • Short palpebral fissures
  • Underdeveloped mandible (micrognathia)
  • Thin upper lip
  • Indistint philtrum
  • Ear abnormalities, possible hearing impairment
  • Short, up-turned nose
36
Q

What is the difference between Anterior and Posterior defects of the face/palate?

A
  • Anterior:
    • involve upper lip, alveolar maxilla, & anterior palate
    • e.g. cleft lip & cleft lip/anterior palate cleft
  • Posterior:
    • Inolved hard AND soft palate
    • e.g. cleft palate
37
Q

Fusion failure of what two things results in Anterior defects of the face/palate?

A

Maxillary prominences

&

Medial nasal prominence

38
Q

Fusion failure of what two things results in Posterior defects of the face/palate?

A

Palatine Shelves (Lateral palatine processes)

&

Nasal septum/Posterior margin of Primary Palate

39
Q

What factors influence/cause development failures that are factors in choanal atresia, nasolacrimal duct atresia, and Anterior/Posterior defects of the face/palate?

A
  • Teratogenic factors (Alcohol, Dilantin, Vit A, Accutane, Corticosteroids)
  • Genetic factors
  • Excessive cell death during development/remodeling
  • Excessively wide head

***More common in American Indian and Asian children.

Neuro B3 - WLB (11 decks)

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