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GEOL200 > Week 3- Seawater > Flashcards

Week 3- Seawater Flashcards

1
Q

Polar molecule

A

Attract particles with negative and positive ends
ex. water molecules creating hydrogen bonds

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2
Q

Cohesion

A

Water attracts water creating surface tension (hydrogen bonds)
- Explains why there are droplets of water

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3
Q

Adhesion

A

Stick to surfaces
- Electrostatic bonds

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4
Q

Why is water considered a universal solvent?

A

Bc it is a polar molecule

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5
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy an object has bc of its motion
- Water in all states creates kinetic energy

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6
Q

Heat

A

Amount of energy tranferred from one body to another due to temperature differences

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7
Q

Calorie

A

Amount of heat required to raise the temp of one gram of water by 1 degree celcius

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8
Q

Temperature

A

A direct measure of av kinetic energy of the molecules that make up a substance
(response to addition oor removal of heat)

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9
Q

Water in solid state

A

Molecules vibrate and stay in same position

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10
Q

Water in liquid state

A

More kinetic energy, bonds are starting to be broken

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11
Q

Water in gas state

A

More kinetic energy, all bonds broken

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12
Q

Heat capacity

A

Measure of the heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celcius

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13
Q

Low heat capacity

A

Sand
Heats up quickly

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14
Q

High heat capacity

A

Water
Heats up slowly
*One of the highest heat capacities on the planet

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15
Q

Latent heat

A

When water undergoes a change of state a large amount of heat is absorbed or released

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16
Q

Latent heat of condensation

A

Energy released to atmosphere when going from water vapour to liquid
*Powers tropical storms

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17
Q

Thermostatic properties

A

Act to moderate temp changes and maintain bearable temp on earth

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18
Q

Global thermostatic effects

A

Transfers heat from the tropics towards the poles
Moderates global temp

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19
Q

Density of pure water

A

1.0g/cm3 at 3.98 degrees celsius is the max

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20
Q

What happens to density as heat is removed from water?

A

It increases

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21
Q

What happens to water when density is at its max?

A

Water molecules start to occupy less volume and water undergoes a phase change

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22
Q

What happens to the density of water as it freezes

A

It expands and density decreases

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23
Q

Why does ice float?

A

Forms a crystal lattice structure and is less dense than water

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24
Q

How many mols does a liquid have in its crystal lattice structure?

A

27

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25
Q

How many mols does a solid have in its crystal lattice structure?

A

24

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26
Q

What is the bond angle of the crystal lattice structure of water?

A

105 to 109 degrees

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27
Q

What percentage of sea water is pure?

A

96.5% pure water
3.5% dissolved solids

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28
Q

What does the presence of dissolved solids do to freezing point of seawater?

A

Reduces freezing point to -1.91 degrees celsius and lowers latent heat by 4%

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29
Q

Why is salinity important?

A

Make life in ocean possible
Affects ocean circulation
Provides info about palaeo-oceanic conditions

30
Q

What is salinity?

A

Total amount of solid material dissolved in water, including dissolved gasses

31
Q

How much salinity in one kilogram of seawater?

A

34.4% parts per thousand

32
Q

Major ions representing 99% of all dissolved solids

A
  1. Chlorine
  2. Sodium
  3. Sulphate
  4. Magnesium
  5. Calcium
    6.Potassium
  6. Bicarbonate
33
Q

What is the most dominant component in seawater?

A

Chloride (19.4 g/kg)

34
Q

Major dissolved gases in seawater

A
  1. Nitrogen (48%)
  2. Oxygen (36%)
  3. Carbon dioxide (15%)
35
Q

Solubility

A

Amount of a dissolved gas that the water can hold under a particular set of conditions

36
Q

Saturation

A

Amount of gas currently dissolved in water

37
Q

Undersaturated

A

More gas can dissolve

38
Q

Saturated or supersaturated

A

Gas may be released

39
Q

Are most gases saturated in the ocean?

A

Yes, such as nitrogen
Not O2 and CO2 bc they’re rapidly used by organisms

40
Q

When does solubility of a gas increase?

A

With increasing pressure and decreased temp
ex. as we get deeper we dissolve more N and O2

41
Q

Why does the amount of O2 decrease as we get deeeper?

A
  • O2 comes from atmospheric diffusion (happens at surface)
  • Organisms that perform photosynthesis create O2 using sunlight which happens close to surface
42
Q

What happens to CO2 as we get deeper?

A

It increases

43
Q

What does OML/OMZ stand for and how deep is it?

A

Oxygen minimum layer or zone
200-1000m

44
Q

What is the OML/OMZ?

A

When O2 saturation is at its lowest
- No input from atmosphere or photosynthesis
- Output via respiration and decomposition

45
Q

O2 saturation Atlantic vs Pacific

A

Pacific has a lower amount of dissolved O2
Atlantic has newer water molecules that allow for O2 to dissolve

46
Q

How do we measure salinity?

A

Salinometer
Measures the electrical conductivity of seawater

47
Q

Chloride in ocean

A

Accounts for 55% of total proportion of dissolved solids anywhere in ocean

48
Q

What equation can we use to find salinity?

A

Salinity= 1.80655 x chlorinity

49
Q

Principle of constant proportions

A

Ration of dissolved solids in the ocean is constant no matter where you are

**Forchhammer’s principle

50
Q

Ratio of dissolved solids

A

Chloride= 55%
Sodium = 30.6%
Sulphate= 7.7%
others ones are small

51
Q

How do ions enter the ocean?

A
  • River discharge
  • Volcanic eruptions
  • Hydrothermal activity in mid-ocean ridge
52
Q

Residence time

A

Average length of time that an ion spends in the ocean
- Times vary depending on how chemically active an ion is (More chemically active= less likely to stay in same form for a long time)

53
Q

Dissolved solids in seawater vs freshwater

A

Chloride is 10.1% in fresh water and other compositions are very different from sea water
**due to residency

54
Q

Longer residence times

A

More abundant in the ocean
ex. the most abundant dissolved solids in the ocean have long residence times

55
Q

Why isn’t the ocean getting saltier?

A

Removal rate of ions= addition rate of ions

56
Q

How are ions removed from the ocean?

A
  • Biological processes (coccolithophores), absorption and precipitation
  • Sea spray
  • Biological processes
  • Hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridge
57
Q

What decreases salinity?

A

Adding water
- River discharge/run off
- Melting ice
- Precipitation

58
Q

What increases salinity?

A

Removing water
- Evaporation
- Formation of sea ice

59
Q

Halocline

A

Layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth

60
Q

Salinity at higher latitudes

A

Salinity increases with depth

61
Q

Salinity at lower latitudes

A

Salinity decreases as depth increases

62
Q

What is sea water density?

A

1.022 to 1.030 g/cm3
*Increases with depth

63
Q

Three main density zones

A
  1. Surface zone
  2. Pycnocline
  3. Deep zone
64
Q

Surface zone of sewater

A

Density and salinity don’t change much

65
Q

Pycnocline

A

Depth of seawater at which density rapidly increases

66
Q

Deep zone of seawater

A

Density doesn’t change much

67
Q

Temp and density

A

Temp increases, density decreases

68
Q

Salinity and density

A

Salinity increases, Density increases

69
Q

Pressure and density

A

Pressure increases, density increases

70
Q

Latitude and changes to seawater

A

As latitude increases, its colder and surface zone and pycnocline don’t extend to the poles

71
Q

What has the greatest influence on density?

A

Temperature

72
Q

What is the pycnocline also considered?

A

A thermocline
Rapidly changing temperature in this zone (decreases with depth)

GEOL200 (10 decks)

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