Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GEOL200 > Week 11: Classifying organisms, productivity and rocky intertidal communities > Flashcards

Week 11: Classifying organisms, productivity and rocky intertidal communities Flashcards

1
Q

Plankton

A

DRIFTERS
- surface
-most of earth’s biomass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nekton

A

SWIMMERS
-can move around all throughout water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Benthos

A

BOTTOM DWELLERS
-touching bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Autotrophic- produce own food via photosynthesis (primary producers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Zooplankton

A

Heterotrophic- cant produce own food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Plankton- classification

A

Life cycle
1. Holoplankton: organisms that spend entire life as plankton
2. Meroplankton: organisms that spend their juvenile or larval stages as plankton, then mature (ex squid)

Size
1. Picoplankton
2. Macroplankton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Benthos- Classification

A
  • Epifaunal- on sediment
  • Infaunal- in sediment
  • Nekobenthos- swimming just above ocean bottom
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Benthos- Life strategies

A
  • Burrowers (infaunal): wiggle into sediment
  • Epifaunal: attatch to sediment via byssal threads
  • Borers: bore into hard rock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Divisions of the marine environment- based on sunlight

A

Photic zone
Aphotic zone (no sunlight)*below 600m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Photic zone

A
  1. Euphotic zone: bulk of biological productivity in the ocean; sunlight for photosynthesis (70m)
  2. Disphotic: not enough sunlight for photosynthesis (600 m)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Divisions of the marine environment - pelagic zones

A
  1. Epipelagic (200m)
  2. Mesopelagic (1000m)
  3. Bathypelagic (4000m)
  4. Abyssopelagic (6000m)
  5. Hadopelagic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Epipelagic

A

Light present
High O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mesopelagic

A

Twilight zone - little light
Low O2 levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bathylpelagic and abyssopelagic

A

Dark, create own light via bioluminescence
High pressure
Live on detritus (remains of organisms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Divisions of the marine environment- Benthic environment

A

Intertidal
Sublittoral
Bathyal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Primary productivity

A

Rate at which organisms store energy through the formation of organic matter (carbon-based compounds) from inorganic carbon
*Biomass formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Measuring primary productivity

A

gC/m2/yr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What effects primary productivity?

A
  1. Solar radiation
  2. Nutrient availability
  3. Water temp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Solar radiation and productivity

A

Light reaches 1000m deep but not enough for photosynthesis, has to be euphotic zone
- more nutrients, light doesn’t travel as deep
- less nutrients, light travels deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Limiting factor

A

A biotic or abiotic factor that restricts number or production of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Red light and phytoplanktons

A

Phytoplankton absorb red light wavelengths which doesn’t extend far into the ocean so they stay at surface
Limiting factors bc it keeps primary productivity at surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gross and net primary productivity

A

Gross primary productivity= total amount of organic material created by producers
Net production ( gross productivity -respiration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Compensation depth for photosynthesis

A

Gross photosynthesis is balanced by respiration
Water depth at which light is limited so that net photosynthesis =zero
- amount used= amount produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nutrient availability- phosphorus

A

Phytoplankton cant reproduce without it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nutrient availability- nitrogen

A

Needed for nitrogen fixation
Supports photosynthesis, aquatic plant growth and protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Nutrient availability -nitrate

A

Increased abundance w depth bc of upwelling
Brings deep water nutrients to surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nutrients- Redfield ratio

A

Nutrient concentrations in tissue of phytoplankton
106 carbon: 16 nitrogen: 1 phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why are conditions optimal with 16:1 ration of N:P

A

Organic processes tend to control proportions of these elements in the water
ex. denitrification and nitrogen fixation by diazotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Nutrient availability- Limiting factor

A

Can be too much or too little of nutrients (ex. N, P, Fe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Eutrophication

A

Excessive loading of water w nutrients
ex. N and P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Effects of eutrophication

A

Increased biomass production
Increased O2 consumption and O2depletion
Algal blooms lead to hypoxic conditions and creates dead zones

32
Q

Impacts of eutrophication

A

Food security
Ecosystem health
Disruptions in tourism
Fisheries and health industries

33
Q

Iron (Fe)

A

Essential micronutrient; controls phytoplankton productivity

34
Q

Iron limitation

A

HNLC
High nutrient, low chlorophyll areas but bioavailable Fe is scarce

35
Q

Why is iron low in seawater?

A

Limiting nutrient
High reactivity of Fe2+ w O, so less Fe2+
Low solubility of Fe3+

36
Q

Sources of Fe

A

Hydrothermal activity releases Fe to be upwelled
Dust

37
Q

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technique

A

Artificially add Fe to the ocean’s surface to stimulate growth of phytoplankton which capture CO2

38
Q

Will CDR work?

A

Wont be able to make enough phytoplankton
Over oxygenation creating dead zones

39
Q

Direction of energy flow in marine ecosystems

A

Unidirectional

40
Q

Producers

A

Autotrophic

41
Q

Consumers

A

Heterotrophic; herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

42
Q

Decomposers

A

Break down organic compounds

43
Q

Energy flow in marine ecosystems

A

Energy transferred up to higher trophic levels
Primary producer- primary consumer- secondary consumer- tertiary consumer

44
Q

Microscopic algae- Phytoplankton

A

Autotrophic- create glucose through photosynthesis
Occupy the euphotic zone
90-96% of surface ocean’s carbohydrate

45
Q

What are the types of Phytoplankton- microscopic algae

A

Coccolithophores
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates

46
Q

Coccolithophores

A

Moderate to low nutrient conditions
Tend to live in waters that are brightly lit, warm

47
Q

Phytoplankton blooms

A

Exponential growth, reproduce asexually
Seasonal (bloom in spring and fall) and depend on latitude (higher)
Factors:
- Favourable winds and currents
- Overfeeding
- High water conditions

48
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Flagella: allow organism to adjust its orientation and vertical position in the water to obtain best light and nutrients
-Bioluminescent
- explosive growth causes red tides and harmful algal blooms

49
Q

Where are phytoplankton?

A

Phytoplankton distribution corresponds to nutrient distribution in the water (upwelling areas)

50
Q

Phytoplankton- Marine cyanobacteria

A

Smallest known photosynthesizers (Prochlorococcus)
Nutrient poor water (oligotrophic)

51
Q

Macroscopic algae (seaweed)

A

Unicellular/ multicellular algae (not plants)
- photosynthesize
- diverse shape and size
- non-vascular
-dont grow below euphotic zone, can thrive in shallow water

52
Q

Limiting factors of algae

A

Temp
Nutrient supply
Substrate
Light

53
Q

Green seaweed- Chlorophyta

A

Intertidal, shallow water

54
Q

Red seaweed- Rhodophyta

A

Most abundant
Widely distributed
Attached to substrate or encrusting

55
Q

Brown seaweed- Phaeophyta

A

ex. rock weed and kelp

56
Q

Marine angiosperms

A

Plants that reproduce w flowers and seeds
Sea grasses and mangroves
Autotrophic, vascular plants (hydrophytes, macrophytes)

57
Q

Mangroves

A

Trees that grow in water
Grow in intertidal zone
Lower latitudes (dont like cold)
Can expel salt
**kelp and mangroves never in same place

58
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

Conversion of one or more C-containing molecules into organic matter
Oxidation of inorganic compounds as a source of energy
No light -aphotic zone

59
Q

Who performs chemosynthesis?

A

Deep ocean or hydrothermal vent communities
ex. gutless giant tube worms have symbiotic relationship w bacteria
ex. yeti crabs

60
Q

Intertidal community

A

Area above water at low tide and underwater at high tide

61
Q

Who lives in the intertidal community?

A

Invertebrates (benthic)- The molluscs
Gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods

62
Q

Molluscs- gastropods (snails)

A

Periwinkles
Limpets
Dog whelks

63
Q

Arthropods

A

Lobster, crabs, shrimp, barnacles

64
Q

Arthropods - Barnacles

A

Cementers
Sessile suspension feeders (use cirri)
Stalkless- acorn barnacles
Stalked- goose barnacles

65
Q

Types of barnacles

A

Semibalanus (light colour)- lower intertidal, long life, high mortality
Chthamalus (dark colour)- upper intertidal, fast growing, short life)

66
Q

Competition of barnacles

A

“Competitive dominance”
Semibalanus outcompetes chthamalus by crowding or smothering
Chthamalus occupy higher tide levels resistant to dessication

67
Q

Echinoderms

A

Sea stars and urchins

68
Q

Cniadaria

A

Sea anemones

69
Q

Difficulties of rocky intertidal communities

A
  • Rapid temp changes
  • Dessication
  • Salinity changes
  • Moving substrate
  • Wave shock
  • Exposure to marine and terrestrial predators
70
Q

Ways to combat dessication

A

Hide in low lying area
Clam up to preserve moisture
Protect body by covering w shells
Lose an arm (starfish)

71
Q

Ways to combat wave shock

A

Well anchored
Find shelter
Wedge in cracks

72
Q

How do sea anemones combat wave shock?

A

Can adjust height based on wave action
ex. shorter in high wave activity

73
Q

Why live in rocky intertidal communities?

A

Abundant food
Many nutrients
Abundant dissolved gases
Numerous places to live

74
Q

Biotic community

A

Assemblage of organisms that live together within some definable area or habitat

75
Q

Ecosystem

A

Biotic plus abiotic community- organisms exchange energy

GEOL200 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions