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GEOL200 > Week 13: Uses and abuses of the ocean > Flashcards

Week 13: Uses and abuses of the ocean Flashcards

1
Q

Renewable resource

A

Naturally replaced by the growth of marine organisms or by other natural physical processes

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2
Q

Non-renewable resources

A

Oil, gas, solid mineral deposits are present in ocean in fixed amounts and cannot be replenished over time spans as short as human lifecycles

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3
Q

Types of marine resources

A
  1. Physical
  2. Biological
  3. Energy
  4. Non-extractive
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4
Q

Physical marine resources

A

Deposition, precipitation, accumulation of useful substances in ocean (mineral deposits, oil, gas, water)

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5
Q

Biological marine resources

A

Animals, plants and algae collected for human usage or used as feed for other animals

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6
Q

Energy marine resources

A

Extraction of energy from ocean water

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7
Q

Non-extractive marine resources

A

In place use of the ocean (transportation, recreation, waste disposal)

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8
Q

Types of physical marine resources

A
  1. Hydrocarbon deposits
  2. Sand/gravel and mineral deposits
  3. Freshwater- extracted from sea water
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9
Q

Types of biological marine resources

A
  1. Carrageenan- red algae (rhodophyta): binds food together ex. dog food, chocolate and toothpaste
  2. Alginate - brown algae (phaeophyta): used to make water based products thicker or creamier ex. ranch dressing and hand creams
  3. Agar- red algae: food thickener and jelling agent
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10
Q

Are present day fisheries sustainable?

A

Some… BUT
- 90% of worldwide stocks of tuna, cod etc have disappeared bc of overfishing

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11
Q

Bycatch

A

Unwanted species caught in fishing net and thrown overboard

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12
Q

What is marine pollution?

A

When substances or energy are introduced into the ocean by nature or humans and it changes the quality of water or affects the physical, chemical or biological environment

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13
Q

What is a pollutant?

A

Something that causes damage by interfering directly or indirectly with the biochemical processes of an organism (naturally occurring or man-made)

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14
Q

Response of an organism to a pollutant

A

Depends on its sensitivity to the quantity and toxicity of that pollutant

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15
Q

Marine pollution - OIL

A

One of the most widely reported and recognizable forms of pollution

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16
Q

What percentage of natural oil seeps occur?

A

47%

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17
Q

Crude oil

A

Not easily dissolvable, form insoluble layers on surface
The dissolvable components are harmful to juvenile marine organisms
Larger in volume and more frequent

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18
Q

Refined oil

A

Contains synthetic chemicals which are biologically active components
Present for longer periods of time

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19
Q

What is a common key stone species?

A

Sea otters

20
Q

Why are sea otters considered key stone species?

A

Critical to maintaining health of ecosystem
Eat sea urchins which eat holdfasts of kelp
If sea otter population decreases, kelp dies, biodiversity is lost

21
Q

What species can be harmed by oil pollution?

A

Whales, sea otters, tuna larvae

22
Q

How do we clean up oil spills?

A
  1. Dispersion (chemicals break it up)
  2. Burning
  3. Skimming
  4. Wave action- forms tar bars
  5. Consumed by bacteria
  6. Photooxidation
23
Q

Biomagnification/ bioaccumulation

A

A pollutant builds up and is amplified as organisms each organisms with have been in contact w the pollutant

24
Q

The mercury cycle

A

Mercury cycles through Earth’s atmosphere, ocean and rock
In ocean, mercury is converted to monomethyl mercury (MMhg), a neurotoxin that moves up food chain and becomes highly concentrated in tuna, swordfish, seafood

25
Q

Where are MMhg levels highest in ocean?

A

Near top of low oxygen zone btwn 100 and 400 metres below the surfaceB

26
Q

Biomagnification and the Hg cycle

A
  1. Ionized mercury in seawater and sediments cannot enter bacterial cells
  2. Some bacteria use sulphate for respiration when O2 is low, expelling sulphide
  3. Sulphide combines w ionized mercury in seawater to from mercuric sulphide which can diffuse into bacterial cells
  4. Inside bacterial cells, monomethyl mercury is created and diffuses into seawater to be taken up by phytoplankton
27
Q

Minamata disease

A

Severe Hg poisoning
Neurological damage
Congenital

28
Q

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

A

Harmful organic compounds
Stable, low biodegradability
Sources from pesticides, industrial chemicals and solvents

29
Q

What is marine debris?

A

Any persistent solid material that is manufactured or processed
Directly or indirectly, unintentionally or intentionally disposed of or abandoned into the marine environment

30
Q

Most common type of marine debris

A

Plastic

31
Q

Plastics

A

Not biodegradable
Attract other toxic substances
Differing buoyancies (float and/or sink)

32
Q

Ghost net

A

Lost, abandoned, discarded nets/ fishing gear

33
Q

Turtles and plastic

A

Eat it, think their full, die of starvation

34
Q

Grey whales and plastic

A

Baleen whales feed on ocean bottom by scooping everything up

35
Q

Microplastics

A

Microfibres and microbeads
Too small to be filtered out
**hard for organisms to differentiate btwn phytoplankton and microplastics as food

36
Q

Open ocean and plastics

A

Surface circulation concentrates buyoant plastics into subtropical gyres
ex. Western garbage patch and eastern garbage patch

37
Q

What percentage of marine debris will sink to ocean floor?

A

70%

38
Q

How do we know that the ocean water is warming?

A

Stopping of overall global thermal circulation
Metabolic needs of fish are increasing
Most importantly, sea level rise (sea ice is melting)

39
Q

Sea level

A

measure of the average height of the surface of the sea; sea level not uniform

40
Q

Global (eustatic) sea level

A

Average height of ocean around world (this is rising)

41
Q

Local sea level

A

Height of water measured along coast relative to a specific point on land

42
Q

Causes of regional diff in sea levels

A
  1. Diff temp
  2. Ocean currents
  3. Changes to average winds and atmospheric pressure
  4. Post-glacial rebound
  5. Changed to amount of water on land
  6. Gravitational adjustments owing to the loss of ice
43
Q

Main drivers of sea level rise- eustatic

A
  1. Add or remove water (glacial vs interglacial)
  2. Chang water temp (thermal expansion)
44
Q

Why can sea level rise or fall regionally?

A

Changes in land elevation- land moves relative to sea level
- Tectonic (land uplifted or subsides)
- Isostatic adjustment

45
Q

Sea level fall

A

Tectonic uplift of mountain is going at a faster rate than rate of sea level rise

46
Q

Sea level rise

A

Sea level is rising at a faster rate than tectonic uplift of mountain

47
Q

Impacts of sea level rise

A

Coastal flooding
Exacerbates storm impacts
Accelerates coastal erosion

GEOL200 (10 decks)

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