week 3 research design.

Question 1

Why is size important in sampling?

Answer 1

Size is important for generalisability, but it’s not the only factor.

Question 2

How does sample size affect the reliability of questionnaires?

Answer 2

Size is important for reliability, but it’s not the only factor.

Question 3

A statement that there is no effect or no difference, which can be rejected with a sufficiently large sample size.

Answer 3

Null Hypothesis

Question 4

A measure that indicates whether the results observed in a study are likely to be due to chance or if there is a true effect present.

Answer 4

Statistical Significance

Question 5

What happens when a sample size is too large?

Answer 5

A large sample can result in detecting miniscule differences as statistically significant, which may not have practical importance

Question 6

A term referring to participants from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic societies, often used in psychological studies.

Answer 6

WEIRD Populations

Question 7

A method of sampling that involves dividing the population into subgroups and sampling from each subgroup to ensure representation.

Answer 7

Stratified Sampling

Question 8

What does generalisability refer to in research?

Answer 8

Generalisability refers to how well findings from a sample can be applied to a larger target population.

Question 9

What is a key issue withe overwhelming focus on USA college students in psycholoth gical research?

Answer 9

This focus may limit the understanding of human behaviour due to cultural and contextual differences present in non-WEIRD populations.

Question 10

What is observational design in research?

Answer 10

Observational design involves the researcher looking at associations between variables without manipulating any variables.

Question 11

Can you give an example of observational design?

Answer 11

An example of observational design is studying the relationship between relationship breakups and ice cream-from-the-tub consumption.

Question 12

What characterizes experimental design?

Answer 12

Experimental design is characterized by the manipulation of one or more variables to examine their effects on other variable(s).

Question 13

Provide an example of experimental design.

Answer 13

An example of experimental design is assigning vignettes about relationship status and then rating self-reported cravings for ice cream.

Question 14

Within-subjects designs

Answer 14

Within-subjects designs are research designs where all participants experience all conditions, allowing for the elimination of person confounds and requiring fewer participants.

Question 15

Advantages of within-subjects designs

Answer 15

The advantages of within-subjects designs include the need for fewer participants and the elimination of person confounds.

Question 16

Disadvantages of within-subjects designs

Answer 16

Disadvantages of within-subjects designs include sequence effects, practice effects, and interference effects.

Question 17

Between-subjects designs

Answer 17

Between-subjects designs are research designs where each participant experiences only one condition, which reduces carryover effects from other conditions.

Question 18

What are the advantages of between-subjects designs?

Answer 18

The advantages of between-subjects designs include no effects from other conditions and reduced carryover experiencing.

Question 19

Essential factors for establishing causation

Answer 19

The essential factors for establishing causation include co-variation (IV and DV must change together), temporal order (IV must precede DV), and ruling out alternative explanations for covariation.

Question 20

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 20

The degree to which different judges independently agree upon a subjective observation.

Question 21

How is internal consistency defined in research?

Answer 21

The degree to which all the specific items/observations in a multiple-item measure behave in the same way

Question 22

What does test-retest reliability measure?

Answer 22

The degree to which an item/scale correlates positively with itself over time.

Question 23

What is external validity?

Answer 23

The extent to which the results of the study can be generalised to populations beyond the sample.

Question 24

How is internal validity defined?

Answer 24

The extent to which causality can be inferred, specifically how confident we can be that any effects of the dependent variable were caused by the independent variable.

Question 25

What does construct validity refer to?

Answer 25

The extent to which the independent variable and dependent variable in a study truly represent the construct of interest to the researcher.

Question 26

The extent to which research findings can be generalized to broader populations and situations beyond the specific sample studied.

Answer 26

External Validity

Question 27

The degree to which a study accurately establishes a causal relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable.

Answer 27

Internal Validity

Question 28

A measure of consistency where different observers or judges agree on the assessment of a variable or phenomenon.

Answer 28

Inter-rater Reliability

Question 29

A measure of whether all items on a test or assessment produce similar results, indicating that they are measuring the same construct.

Answer 29

Internal Consistency

Question 30

What are examples of threats to internal validity?

Answer 30

Selection, history effects, social desirability, demand effects, regression toward the mean, non-specific treatment effects, placebo effects, experimenter bias, instrumentation, maturation, testing effects, observer reactivity, attrition, and confounds.

Question 31

Changes in participants’ responses due to their expectations about the treatment rather than the treatment itself.

Answer 31

Placebo Effects

Question 32

The phenomenon where individuals alter their behavior because they are aware they are being observed.

Answer 32

Observation Reactivity

Question 33

What is the Hawthorne Effect?

Answer 33

A change in behavior by study participants due to their awareness of being observed in a study.