suggested flashcards.
What is homogeneity of variance?
The assumption that groups have similar variances.
What test checks for homogeneity of variance?
Levene’s Test.
What is the acceptable p-value for Levene’s Test to indicate equal variances?
0.05
What is independence in data analysis?
Each observation must be independent of others.
What is a paired-samples t-test?
A test comparing means from the same group at different times.
What is an independent-samples t-test
A test comparing means between two different groups.
What is a one-way ANOVA?
A test for comparing means within the same participants over time.
What is a 2x2 factorial ANOVA?
An ANOVA design with two IVs, each with two levels.
What is the purpose of a chi-square test?
To assess relationships between categorical variables.
What does it mean if a chi-square test has a p < 0.05
There is a statistically significant association between variables.
What is logistic regression used for?
Predicting a binary outcome from predictor variables.
What is multicollinearity in regression analysis
High correlation among predictors, which can distort results.
What is a common cutoff for the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) to indicate no multicollinearity?
VIF < 5.
What is the tolerance cutoff for multicollinearity?
Tolerance > 0.2.
What information should be included in the results section for ANOVA?
F-value, degrees of freedom, p-value, and effect size.
How is the effect size typically reported for Cohen’s d?
As a numerical value, with small (0.2), medium (0.5), and large (0.8) benchmarks.
How should confidence intervals be reported in APA format?
With brackets, e.g., 95% CI [5.3, 8.1].
What is the general rule for reporting significant findings in a results section?
Report the direction, significance, and effect size.
How are degrees of freedom typically reported for a t-test?
In parentheses after t, e.g., t(28) = 2.45.
How are chi-square results typically reported in APA?
With χ², degrees of freedom, and p-value, e.g., χ²(1, N = 100) = 5.12, p = .02.
What is Cohen’s Kappa used for?
Measuring inter-rater reliability for categorical data.
What is considered a good reliability score for Cronbach’s Alpha?
α > 0.8.
What does R-squared represent in a regression analysis?
The proportion of variance in the DV explained by the IV(s).
In regression, what does an R-squared value of 0.13 indicate?
A medium effect size.
When is a post-hoc test needed?
After a significant ANOVA result to identify specific group differences.
What is the acceptable threshold for the Shapiro-Wilk test to assume normality?
p > 0.05.
What is variance?
The square of the standard deviation.
What is a Type I error?
Rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive).
What is a Type II error?
Failing to reject a false null hypothesis (false negative).
What is statistical power?
The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis.
What does R-squared represent in regression?
The proportion of variance explained by the model.
What is multicollinearity?
When predictors in a regression model are highly correlated.
