suggested flashcards.

Question 1

What is homogeneity of variance?

Answer 1

The assumption that groups have similar variances.

Question 2

What test checks for homogeneity of variance?

Answer 2

Levene’s Test.

Question 3

What is the acceptable p-value for Levene’s Test to indicate equal variances?

Answer 3

0.05

Question 4

What is independence in data analysis?

Answer 4

Each observation must be independent of others.

Question 5

What is a paired-samples t-test?

Answer 5

A test comparing means from the same group at different times.

Question 6

What is an independent-samples t-test

Answer 6

A test comparing means between two different groups.

Question 7

What is a one-way ANOVA?

Answer 7

A test for comparing means within the same participants over time.

Question 8

What is a 2x2 factorial ANOVA?

Answer 8

An ANOVA design with two IVs, each with two levels.

Question 9

What is the purpose of a chi-square test?

Answer 9

To assess relationships between categorical variables.

Question 10

What does it mean if a chi-square test has a p < 0.05

Answer 10

There is a statistically significant association between variables.

Question 11

What is logistic regression used for?

Answer 11

Predicting a binary outcome from predictor variables.

Question 12

What is multicollinearity in regression analysis

Answer 12

High correlation among predictors, which can distort results.

Question 13

What is a common cutoff for the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) to indicate no multicollinearity?

Answer 13

VIF < 5.

Question 14

What is the tolerance cutoff for multicollinearity?

Answer 14

Tolerance > 0.2.

Question 15

What information should be included in the results section for ANOVA?

Answer 15

F-value, degrees of freedom, p-value, and effect size.

Question 16

How is the effect size typically reported for Cohen’s d?

Answer 16

As a numerical value, with small (0.2), medium (0.5), and large (0.8) benchmarks.

Question 17

How should confidence intervals be reported in APA format?

Answer 17

With brackets, e.g., 95% CI [5.3, 8.1].

Question 18

What is the general rule for reporting significant findings in a results section?

Answer 18

Report the direction, significance, and effect size.

Question 19

How are degrees of freedom typically reported for a t-test?

Answer 19

In parentheses after t, e.g., t(28) = 2.45.

Question 20

How are chi-square results typically reported in APA?

Answer 20

With χ², degrees of freedom, and p-value, e.g., χ²(1, N = 100) = 5.12, p = .02.

Question 21

What is Cohen’s Kappa used for?

Answer 21

Measuring inter-rater reliability for categorical data.

Question 22

What is considered a good reliability score for Cronbach’s Alpha?

Answer 22

α > 0.8.

Question 23

What does R-squared represent in a regression analysis?

Answer 23

The proportion of variance in the DV explained by the IV(s).

Question 24

In regression, what does an R-squared value of 0.13 indicate?

Answer 24

A medium effect size.

Question 25

When is a post-hoc test needed?

Answer 25

After a significant ANOVA result to identify specific group differences.

Question 26

What is the acceptable threshold for the Shapiro-Wilk test to assume normality?

Answer 26

p > 0.05.

Question 27

What is variance?

Answer 27

The square of the standard deviation.

Question 28

What is a Type I error?

Answer 28

Rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive).

Question 29

What is a Type II error?

Answer 29

Failing to reject a false null hypothesis (false negative).

Question 30

What is statistical power?

Answer 30

The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis.

Question 31

What does R-squared represent in regression?

Answer 31

The proportion of variance explained by the model.

Question 32

What is multicollinearity?

Answer 32

When predictors in a regression model are highly correlated.