Week 2 - ANOVA theory Flashcards
Anovo is short for what?
Analysis of variance
ANOVA Analysis is identical for ____ and non____ designs
experimental
why use ANOVA?
compare several means, can be used when you have manipulated two or more IVs
why not use multiple t-tests instead of ANOVA?
-Inflates the type 1 error rate (essentially the more tests we run, the more likely we are to get a false positive)
-can try controlling for it (bonferroni correction) but lose power.
- Tests for an overall difference between groups.
-Tells us that the group means are different but, doesn’t tell us exactly which means differ.
ANOVA
What does ANOVA stand for?
Analysis of Variance.
A statistical technique used to determine if there are any statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent groups.
One-Way ANOVA
Who developed the basic technique of ANOVA?
Sir Ronald Fisher.
What is the primary focus of one-way ANOVA?
Investigating differences in means among multiple groups.
The hypothesis that states that there are no differences among the group means, implying that any observed differences are due to sampling error.
Null Hypothesis (H0)
The hypothesis that states at least one group mean is different from the others, suggesting significant effects among groups.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
What are the key assumptions of one-way ANOVA?
Normality, homogeneity of variance, and independence of observations.
The variation accounted for by the differences between the group means in an ANOVA.
Between-Group Variability
The variation accounted for by the differences within each group in an ANOVA.
Within-Group Variability
How is the F-ratio calculated in ANOVA?
The F-ratio is calculated by dividing the mean square between groups by the mean square within groups.
An estimate of variance calculated by dividing the sum of squares by the corresponding degrees of freedom.
Mean Square (MS)
What does a significant F-value indicate in ANOVA?
It suggests that there are significant differences among the group means, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis.
A measure of the strength of the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable in ANOVA, commonly reported as eta squared (η²).
Effect Size
What is the purpose of post hoc tests in ANOVA?
To determine which specific group means are significantly different after finding a significant overall F-value.
A statistical adjustment method used to reduce the chances of Type I error when multiple comparisons are being made.
Bonferroni Correction
What is the role of the Levene’s test in ANOVA?
To check for homogeneity of variance across groups before proceeding with ANOVA.
A statistical test used to assess the normality of residuals in ANOVA.
Shapiro-Wilk Test
What is a repeated measures ANOVA?
An analysis that evaluates differences among means when the same subjects are used for each treatment.
The condition where variances of the differences between all combinations of related groups are equal, necessary for repeated measures ANOVA.
Sphericity
What is a primary limitation of ANOVA?
ANOVA does not indicate where differences lie among means, necessitating post hoc tests for further analysis.
A non-parametric alternative to one-way ANOVA, used when the assumption of normality is violated.
Kruskal-Wallis Test
What does the p-value represent in the context of an ANOVA test?
The probability of obtaining the observed results or more extreme results if the null hypothesis is true.
A measure of effect size that indicates the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that can be attributed to the independent variable.
Eta Squared (η²)
How can you check the assumptions of ANOVA visually?
By using QQ plots to assess normality and box plots to evaluate homogeneity of variances.
The differences between observed values and the values predicted by the ANOVA model, used to assess model fit and check assumptions.
Residuals