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LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH > Week 3: Physcial Growth, Reflexes, Motor Skills > Flashcards

Week 3: Physcial Growth, Reflexes, Motor Skills Flashcards

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1
Q

Much of childhood consists of…

A

Rapid growth spurts

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2
Q

By 5 months a child should weigh..

A

Double their birth rate

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3
Q

By 12 months a child will be..

A

Triple their birth weight and double birth length

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4
Q

What happens to a child’s weight at 24 months

A

Weight and height continue to increase muscle replaces fat and they become leaner they don’t need the baby fat to stay protected and warm any more

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5
Q

How do baby faces foster attachment

A

A large forehead with features in the lower part of the face with large round eyes and high prominent cheeks looks attractive to adults you feel a desire to look after them protect them which encourages a social bond

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6
Q

Explain brain sizes in comparison to body size at birth and at two years

A

At birth a child has 25% of The adult brain weight and only 5% of their adult body weight

At two years they have 75% of their brain weight and 20% of their adult body weight

The brain matured early as we needed to do things while we grow

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7
Q

Explain brain development

A

The forebrain is tiny at the start
A lot of effort is in the middle and hind brain such as breathing standing up etc but this gets smaller as you grow and the fore brain becomes larger

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8
Q

What physical growth changes occur in adolescence

A

Secondary sexual characteristics develop and the body becomes ready to reproduce

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9
Q

What physical growth occurs during early adult hood

A

20-40

Peak athletic skills with high endurance and explosive strength

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10
Q

What physical growth changes occur in middle adult hood

A

40-65
BMR declines
Muscle mass declines and fats increase

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11
Q

What physical changes occur in late adulthood

A

65+
Gradual decrease in mobility, muscle and bone strength, joint flexibility, heart and lung performance

Hair whitens, skin wrinkles and sags, height and weight decrease

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12
Q

Throughout childhood how much height is gained per year

A

Roughly 5 to 7.5 cm

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13
Q

Throughout childhood how much body weight is gained each year

A

Approximately 2.5 kg

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14
Q

At what age a body proportions similar to adults

A

By five years of age

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15
Q

At what age do bones harden or ossify

A

Between ages two and six

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16
Q

What happens to bones after the age of six

A

They lengthen and broaden

Facial bones grow causing the face to lengthen and the mouth to widen

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17
Q

What is the first step in motor development

A

Reflexes

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18
Q

What are infant reflexes

A

They are innate patterns of behaviour

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19
Q

What is the diagnostics significance of infant reflexes

A

If they persist into childhood it may indicate a problem

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20
Q

Which reflexes are present even during foetal development before birth

A

Sucking and rooting (m2-3)

Grasping (m4-6)

Blinking (m6-7)

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21
Q

What are considered survival reflexes

A

Breathing, blinking, rooting (touch on cheek means infant will move mouth towards the source), sucking

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22
Q

What are the two different grasp reflexes

A

Palmer: Touch palm hand will close around it

Plantar: When a finger is placed under the toes they curl up

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23
Q

What age does the palmar reflex disappear

A

4-6 months

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24
Q

What age does the plantar reflex disappear

A

9-12 months

25
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

A

Also known as the startle reflex

Loud noise or a sudden movement = infant will extend the arms with palms up and then move arms back to the body

26
Q

When does the startle reflex disappear

A

Around six months of age
If it persists it may mean a malfunctioning central nervous system or other brainstem problems
Maybe a marker of an intellectual disability later in life

27
Q

What is the rooting reflex

A

You can stroke the cheek or the side of the mouth this makes the infant turn the head towards it

The mouth will open in an attempt to suck, it helps the baby find a food source

28
Q

When does the rooting reflex disappear

A

Around four months of age

29
Q

What is the sucking reflex

A

When something touches the roof of the baby’s mouth they will begin to suck

30
Q

When does the sucking reflex disappear

A

Around four months of age sucking becomes voluntary

31
Q

What is the babinski reflex?

A

If you stroke the bottom of the foot from the heel upwards along the outward part of the foot the big toe bends back and the other toes fan out

Disappears around 12 to 18 months this is absent in babies with lower spinal-cord defects

32
Q

What is the crawling reflex

A

Placed on the stomach and pressure is applied to the sole of the foot they will attempt to push against it and move their arms and legs in a crawling like motion

This disappears a few weeks to months after birth

33
Q

What is the step reflex

A

If you hold a child upright with the legs and feet touching the surface the infant Will move their legs like they’re taking steps or walking

34
Q

When does the step reflex disappear

A

About three or four months

35
Q

What is the tonic neck/fencing reflex

A

The head is turned to the side. The leg and arm on that side will extend while the leg and arm on the opposite side will flex

36
Q

When do reflexes start to lose their dominance

A

Around six months when voluntary control starts to take over

This is good because it shows the neuro system is developing

37
Q

What do gross motor muscles consist of

A

Large muscles of arms legs and torso

38
Q

What are the major milestones of gross motor development

A 
Can lift head from supine position (4W) 
Can roll from side to side (2-5m) 
Can sit alone (5-9m) 
Can move around on their own (7m) 
Can stand with help (10m) 
1/2 can stand alone (12m) 
First independent steps (12-13m)
39
Q

What are some more complex gross motor skills

A

Throw/catch a ball
Ride bike
Swing on bars

40
Q

What does fine motor development involve

A

Small muscles throughout the body

41
Q

What a fine motor development is seen in newborns

A

Pre-reaching

42
Q

By 4 to 5 months what fine motor development is seen

A

Reaching and grasping emerge as two separate skills they require coordinated hand, head and eye gaze

43
Q

What two different types of grasps are required for fine motor development

A

Ulnar grasp: fingers closed against palm

Pincer grasp: thumb and forefinger

44
Q

What are some examples of skills that involve fine motor muscles

A

Tying shoelaces, washing hands, buttons, zips, using cutlery, cutting with scissors, turning doorknobs

45
Q

What kind of things do we see in a three year olds fine motor skills

A

Pincer-grasp objects, Undoing buttons, simple jigsaw puzzles, building wobbly towers

46
Q

What kind of things do we see in four and five-year-olds find motor skills

A

Four-year-olds can fold paper and build smooth towers and five-year-olds can build elaborate structures and use pens

47
Q

What do we see in motor skills throughout adolescence and into adult hood

A

From seven until 17 years there is a significant improvement in motor skills this is encouraged by increased body size, muscle mass, strength, heart and lungs and experience

30 years is when we see peak physical performance and then from here until 70 years there is a 25 to 30% decline in muscle mass in strength reaching a 50% decline by 80

48
Q

What mechanisms allow improvements in motor skills

A

Physical development such as how the body becomes larger and stronger in the centre of gravity moves downwards

Neuro development there is a greater myelination of cerebral neurons so better balance and improve coordination of motor movements

And practice the opportunity to practice new skills

49
Q

Are there any sex differences in motor development

A

Minor sex differences do exist

Boys have greater muscle strength and more rough-and-tumble play

Girls have greater balance and coordination, fine motor skills, more quiet activities

50
Q

How are sex differences in motor development due to social roles

A

Through adhering to sex type roles that may lead to further practice and so the differences of these motor skills

51
Q

What do we see in children that are deprived of motor practice in the first 12 to 24 months of life

A

They actually show delay sitting and delayed walking times

Children who were given extra motor stimulation had earlier sitting and walking

52
Q

Explain the dynamic systems approach

A

Motor behaviours are not inevitable physical milestones

Dynamic and can change with environmental circumstances for example if the goal is to reach an exciting toy the preferred solution would be crawling however on alternative solution is scooting

The preferred pattern is constrained by links in motor system at the time

53
Q

What is typical of children who perceive themselves as having poor motor skills

A

Typically rejected by peers

54
Q

Explain motor development at school

A

Most young children to participate in sport however this diminishes with age
Boys prefer physical sport more than girls

A lack of exercise links with obesity and its problems so the government recommends one hour exercise per day but school requirements are only for at least two hours per week

55
Q

Explain the study with people balancing on one leg with their eyes open

A

The amount of people who can do it shows a dramatic increase between childhood and school age and then again between school age and adolescence

There is that a plateau until people reach the 30s and then there is a moderate linear decrease between 30 and 50 followed by a strong linear decrease until people reach their 80s

56
Q

Explain orphanage studies and the role of maturation in motor development

A

Children were often left in their cots laying on their backs and this had a dramatic effect on the motor development
Show that maturation is necessary but it is not sufficient enough alone for motor skills to develop

57
Q

How does the orphanage study compare to Hopi Indian children

A

This children spent the first three months strapped to their mother‘s back they had restricted movement but we re not retarded like the children in the orphanage studies this is thought to be because these children otherwise had a rich and stimulating sensory and social environment as they were carried about

58
Q

How does the orphanage children study relate to the children in northern China and their motor development

A

In northern China mothers abandoned the use of conventional nappies and instead used sandbags that restricted the children’s movement

Mothers only make contact with children to breastfeed and ignore the babies when they cried these babies were also retarded

59
Q

What is required for optimal motor development

A

In the first two years children needs freedom freedom of movement environmental stimulation and interaction with the physical and social environment

LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH (12 decks)

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