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LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH > Week 2: Foundations Of Development > Flashcards

Week 2: Foundations Of Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What are genes?

A

They synthesise enzymes and proteins that regulate the body

Determine timing of development

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2
Q

Where are genes?

A

Located on chromosomes

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3
Q

Every cell in the body contains…

A

Chromosomes (located in cell nucleus)

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4
Q

How many chromosomal pairs do humans have?

A

23 pairs: 22 autosomal and 1 sex chromosome pair

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5
Q

What are autosomal chromosome pairs?

A

They make us who we are

Encode skills, looks etc

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6
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Actual genetic makeup

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7
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

How these genes are expressed

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8
Q

Explain identical twin genetics

A

Monozygotic: come from the same zygote

100% genetic overlap and if reared together, possibly 100% environmental overlap

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9
Q

Explain fraternal twin genetics

A

Come from two different zygotes (dizygotic)

50% genetic overlap (like normal siblings) as well as possibly 100% environmental overlap

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10
Q

How do ordinary siblings and fraternal twin siblings differ?

A

Fraternal twins are different than ordinary siblings because they were born and raised at the same time

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11
Q

What are sesquizygotic twins?

A

Semi identical
2 sperm simultaneously fertilise same ovum

Same material from Mum but different from dad

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12
Q

What is canalisation?

A

Behaviour follows a genetic blueprint

Some things are more/less susceptible to environmental forces

Eg. Walking age is strongly canalised/genetically coded

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13
Q

What is niche picking?

A

Seeking environmental niche that suits genetics - we choose an environment that further improves our genetic makeup

Makes it hard to then seperate nature form nurture

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14
Q

What is reaction range?

A

Genes set the boundaries for environmental effects

An ability range, environment then determines where you sit on that range

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15
Q

Explain conception

A

1 of 360 million sperm cells attaches to ovum surface

Sperm and egg release chromosomes

Join to form a new cell or a ‘zygote’

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16
Q

When is the germinal stage?

A

From conception - 2 weeks

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17
Q

Explain what happens in the germinal stage

A

The zygote divides and redivides (rapid cell replication) so that when it reaches the uterus it consisted of hundreds of cells (blastocyst) - then implants into the uterine wall

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18
Q

Explain the structure of a blastocyst

A

Made of 2 layers:

  1. Outer/trophoblast layer: fluid filled cavity that then develops into tissue to support and protect the embryo
  2. Inner cell mass: embryonic disk (cells that become the embryo)
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19
Q

What happens when the blastocyst reaches the uterus?

A

Trophoblast cells put out branches that bury into the spongy wall of the uterus to make contact with maternal blood vessels

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20
Q

How many blastocysts implant?

A

Only 1/2 become fully implanted

22
Q

What weeks are within the embryonic stage?

A

Weeks 3-8

23
Q

What happens in the embryonic stage?

A

Basic organs are formed

Begin to respond to direct stimulation

Very rapid development

The embryonic disk begins to differentiate into 3 layers

24
Q

What are the 3 layers of the embryonic disk?

A

Ectoderm (outside): nervous system, skin and hair

Mesoderm (middle): muscles, bones, circulation system, internal organs

Endoderm (inside): digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, glands

25
Q

Give some examples of what happens in the first and second month in the embryonic stage

A
  1. The brain starts developing as well as the heart which then starts beating
    Form muscles, start of the spine, ribs and digestive system and limb buds form
  2. Starts to develop eyes, nose mouth and neck
    From the limb buds, limbs start to form
    Bones harden and start moving
    all basic organs and tissues are present
27
Q

What is a fully implanted blastocyst referred to as?

A

Embryo

29
Q

Which weeks of pregnancy are considered the foetal stage

A

Weeks nine until birth

30
Q

What happens during the foetal stage

A

Organs take on the final form and begin function

Bones and small features start to develop

Becomes responsive to external stimuli such as light or touch

31
Q

What week of pregnancy does sex differentiation occur

A

Week 13

Is determined at conception but can’t tell in scans until week 12-13

32
Q

What are some distinctive features of the end of trimester two

A

The baby has suck and swallow reflexes they can hear and open and close their eyes

All of their organs are fully formed apart from the central nervous system

33
Q

Which weeks of pregnancy is birth safe

A

38 to 40 weeks

34
Q

What happens during birth

A

The uterine wall begins to contract

Over 10 to 20 hours contractions become stronger and the baby eventually emerges through the birth canal

35
Q

When is the baby‘s physical condition assessed and how

A

Immediately after birth

Through Apgar scale (1min and 5min after birth)

36
Q

What is the apgar scale

A

Looks at functions such as heart rate, effort to breathe, reflex irritability, skin colour and muscle tone

Different scores mean different things for functioning

37
Q

What does an apgar score of 7 to 10 indicate

A

Indicates good functioning

38
Q

What does an apgar score of 4-6 indicate

A

Fair condition
Moderate central nervous system depression or some muscle flaccidity

May need to establish respiration

39
Q

What does an apgar score of 0-3 indicate

A

Very poor condition

resuscitation is required immediately

the survival of the infinite is in doubt

40
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

A substance or environmental influences that can damage embryos development

May cause serious malformation or even death

41
Q

Will teratogens always have the same affect

A

Different ones have different effects of different times in development or pregnancy

42
Q

Explain teratogenic sensitive periods

A

Each organs sensitivity varies over time, may not be effected during some periods and really effected at another

43
Q

Explain tissue specific effects of teratogens

A

May work in specific ways on certain tissues

Eg. Mercury is bad for baby brain development

44
Q

Explain teratogenic effects on the mother

A

Often she notices no adverse effects. Eg. May have a very mild virus and not notice but harms the baby

5% of women catch an infection while pregnant the most experience know if fracture but some can cause serious problems
For example viruses bacteria infections parasites maternal maternal diseases such as diabetes

45
Q

Explain the dose-response relationship of teratogens

A

The greater the dose, the worse it’s effect

46
Q

Medicinal drug teratogens?

A

Some drug molecules are small enough to cross the placental barrier to affect the fetus

Such as aspirin, quinine (lead to deafness), and thalidomide (drug used for morning sickness but lead to limb defects as morning sickness most common during weeks limbs are developing)

47
Q

Non-medicinal drug teratogens?

A

Alcohol, tobacco, heroine, cocaine

Babies born to users at risk for many health problems such as prematurity low-birth-weight and addiction

48
Q

Why is foetal learning research limited

A

You have relative inaccessibility to the fetus because you don’t want to be poking and prodding too much

49
Q

Learning in utero? Explain

A

The fetus can habituate to repetitive sounds and we know this because of things such as changes in heartbeat or kicking rate

And this does persist after birth babies prefer the things they had before birth

50
Q

Stories and learning in utero

A

The rate of sucking on a dummy to control which story they were hearing show babies can learn that if they want to hear more, to suck more
if they didn’t they would actually stop sucking

they did have a preference

51
Q

The taste of anise and carrot? Learning in utero

A

The amniotic fluid can taste like this And if given a taste those that are used to it will enjoy it

Babies from cultures that use a lot of spice, the babies will likely be used to the taste and will enjoy it they can gain a sense of familiarity towards culture even before birth

LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH (12 decks)

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