Week 3 Necessary Vocabulary Flashcards
Carbohydrates
- sugars and polymers made of sugars (polymer sugars)
- 1 C, 2 H, 1 O. (CH2O)
- soluble in water
Functions:
- source of energy
- source of carbon to make other molecules
- structural components of the cell
Nucleic acids
All nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
–> The monomer of nucleic acids consisting of a (2) five-carbon sugar, (1)a nitrogenous base, and (3)a phosphate.
- linked by covalent bonds
- Two types of nucleic acids exist: DNA and RNA
Proteins
Proteins, which are polymers of amino acids, form the most diverse group of biological macromolecules.
- not considered polymers of defined monomeric subunits.
Lipids
Are a non-polar macromolecule, but aren’t polymers
- lipid is a catch all name for ^.
3 types:
- fats
- phospholipids
- sterols
Characteristics of all:
- partially hydrophobic (contain a lot of non-polar c-c and c-h bonds)
- low water solubility
- not polymers ( but still macromolecules)
Functions:
- energy source (can store twice as much E as the same weight as carbohydrates. = really good at e storage)
- insulation
- protection
Polymers
large macromolecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked together by covalent bonds
- Nucleic acids
- proteins
- carbohydrates
Monomer
small molecule used as building block in polymer
type of monomer used to build polymer will determine structure and chemical properties of polymer at the end
Polymerization
- in which identical or nearly identical subunits, called the monomers of the reaction, join like links in a chain to form a larger molecule called a polymer.
Dehydration reaction
synthesis of polymer
- covalent bonds formed between monomers
- water molecule is lost
- requires energy to form bonds
—> endothermic - requires enzymes
Hydrolysis reaction
degradation of polymer
- breaks covalent bonds between monomers
- adds water molecule
- releases energy, therefore the cell can use
—> exothermic - requires enzymes
Monosaccharide
monomer
-“simple sugar”
- one carbonyl + many hydroxyl (1 per carbon)
- forms rings in cytoplasm of the cell
–> especially the longer ones b/c carbonyl group is going to react with one of the hydroxyl groups causing the carbon chain to form a ring.
–> when this happens to glucose can form 2 rings. Alpha and beta glucose
- jointed together by bond called glycosidic linkage to form polymers
– covalent bond - soluble in H2O
Disaccharide
- assembled by 2 monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis rxn.
- bonds of this type are glycosidic
Polysaccharide
more than 2 monosaccharides jointed together by glycosidic linkage
- polymer
Functions:
- energy storage
- structure
Glycosidic bond
- in order to form carbohydrate polymer, need to link monosaccharides monomers into a chain.
- connected by covalent bond but the special name for this is glycosidic linkage
- formed using dehydration rxn
- can name based on numbers of carbons involved in the bond
- covalent
- different glycosidic linkages produce different polymers with different chemical properties
Starch
storage polysaccharide
- only found in plants
- polymer of glucose monomers jointed together by a alpha-1-4-glycosidic bonds
- helical structure
Ex: amylose = unbranched glucose chain (plants make this then stores inside cells to save carbon and energy in sugars for later use
Glycogen
storage polysaccharide
- found in animal livers, muscle cells, and bacteria
- glucose polymer with a alpha-1-4-glycosidic bond (cause helical structure)
- helical structure
- branched (thats what makes it diff from strach)
–> new chain attached to carbon 6.
–> by adding branches, make glycogen structure more compact so that you can store more sugar therefor more carbon and energy in a smaller space
Cellulose
not a for storage but structural component for the cell
- found in plant cell walls
–> found in all plants, therefore one of most abundant biological substances on earth - polymer of glucose beta-1-4-glycosidic linkage (forms straight linear chain.
- unbranched, linear structure
- forms strong bundles
- linear chain –> allows plant to produce long straight polymers that are able to lay parallel to one another –> all hydroxyl groups along cellulose hydrogen bond together to bind cellulose into fibers = bundles –> bundles/fibers are very strong –> make up main structural component of plant cell wall.
Aldehyde vs ketone
• are structural isomers
Aldehyde:
- carbonyl group is located on end of carbon chain
-
Ketone:
- carbonyl group is located on C 2 of carbon chain
Enantiomers (D and L)
- isomers that mirror each other
- 4 diff atoms/ functional groups surround single C.
—> alpha glucose more reactive than Beta glucose - L form (laevus): hydroxyl group extends to the left
- D form (dexter): hydroxyl group extends to the right.
Fats
Made of:
- glycerol
- 3 fatty acids = triacylglycerol (aka fat)
–> attached by ester linkage (is a covalent bond)
–> dehydration rxn
- base structure is same but can make
diff fats by adding diff fatty acids - hydrophobic b/c of bonds in ester linkage
Phospholipids
Is a lipid
Function: main component of cell membranes
- are amphipathic (part hydrophobic, part hydrophilic)
—> hydrophilic head, interacts with H2O
—> hydrophobic tails, interacts with other hydrophobic tails - structure similar to fat, expect 3rd C of glycerol attached to phosphate group. (Which is very negative charged, therefore polar)
- attached by ester bonds, formed by dehydration rxn.
- attached to phosphate group is either additional unit or polar unit.
- spontaneously assemble into bilayer in H2O
— acts as boundary between cell and environment
Sterols
Is a lipid.
Function: cell membrane, chemical signalling in molecules
- form hormones
Properties:
- non polar
- carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings
—> C-C & C-H bonds, therefore non polar and hydrophobic
Fatty acids
Made of:
- 1 hydrocarbon chain
- carboxyl on one end (-COOH)
–> gives it acidic properties
- Db create bends
- cis and trans isomers
Glycerol
Made of :
- 3 carbons
- 3 hydroxyl
Ester linkage
- is formed between the oxygen molecules of glycerol and the hydroxyl molecules of fatty acids.
- formation of ester linkage is an endothermic reaction.
Cholesterol
Is a sterol.
- component of animal cell membranes
- precursor to all other sterols (I.e. estradiol and testosterone)
- synthesized in liver; consumed in animal fats
- high levels may clog arteries
