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BIOL 107 > Week 3 Necessary Vocabulary > Flashcards

Week 3 Necessary Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • sugars and polymers made of sugars (polymer sugars)
  • 1 C, 2 H, 1 O. (CH2O)
  • soluble in water

Functions:
- source of energy
- source of carbon to make other molecules
- structural components of the cell

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2
Q

Nucleic acids

A

All nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
–> The monomer of nucleic acids consisting of a (2) five-carbon sugar, (1)a nitrogenous base, and (3)a phosphate.

  • linked by covalent bonds
  • Two types of nucleic acids exist: DNA and RNA
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3
Q

Proteins

A

Proteins, which are polymers of amino acids, form the most diverse group of biological macromolecules.

  • not considered polymers of defined monomeric subunits.
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4
Q

Lipids

A

Are a non-polar macromolecule, but aren’t polymers

  • lipid is a catch all name for ^.

3 types:
- fats
- phospholipids
- sterols

Characteristics of all:
- partially hydrophobic (contain a lot of non-polar c-c and c-h bonds)
- low water solubility
- not polymers ( but still macromolecules)

Functions:
- energy source (can store twice as much E as the same weight as carbohydrates. = really good at e storage)
- insulation
- protection

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5
Q

Polymers

A

large macromolecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked together by covalent bonds

  • Nucleic acids
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
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6
Q

Monomer

A

small molecule used as building block in polymer

type of monomer used to build polymer will determine structure and chemical properties of polymer at the end

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7
Q

Polymerization

A
  • in which identical or nearly identical subunits, called the monomers of the reaction, join like links in a chain to form a larger molecule called a polymer.
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8
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

synthesis of polymer

  • covalent bonds formed between monomers
  • water molecule is lost
  • requires energy to form bonds
    —> endothermic
  • requires enzymes
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9
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

degradation of polymer

  • breaks covalent bonds between monomers
  • adds water molecule
  • releases energy, therefore the cell can use
    —> exothermic
  • requires enzymes
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10
Q

Monosaccharide

A

monomer

-“simple sugar”
- one carbonyl + many hydroxyl (1 per carbon)
- forms rings in cytoplasm of the cell
–> especially the longer ones b/c carbonyl group is going to react with one of the hydroxyl groups causing the carbon chain to form a ring.
–> when this happens to glucose can form 2 rings. Alpha and beta glucose

  • jointed together by bond called glycosidic linkage to form polymers
    – covalent bond
  • soluble in H2O
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11
Q

Disaccharide

A
  • assembled by 2 monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis rxn.
  • bonds of this type are glycosidic
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12
Q

Polysaccharide

A

more than 2 monosaccharides jointed together by glycosidic linkage

  • polymer

Functions:
- energy storage
- structure

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13
Q

Glycosidic bond

A
  • in order to form carbohydrate polymer, need to link monosaccharides monomers into a chain.
  • connected by covalent bond but the special name for this is glycosidic linkage
  • formed using dehydration rxn
  • can name based on numbers of carbons involved in the bond
  • covalent
  • different glycosidic linkages produce different polymers with different chemical properties
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14
Q

Starch

A

storage polysaccharide

  • only found in plants
  • polymer of glucose monomers jointed together by a alpha-1-4-glycosidic bonds
  • helical structure

Ex: amylose = unbranched glucose chain (plants make this then stores inside cells to save carbon and energy in sugars for later use

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15
Q

Glycogen

A

storage polysaccharide

  • found in animal livers, muscle cells, and bacteria
  • glucose polymer with a alpha-1-4-glycosidic bond (cause helical structure)
  • helical structure
  • branched (thats what makes it diff from strach)
    –> new chain attached to carbon 6.
    –> by adding branches, make glycogen structure more compact so that you can store more sugar therefor more carbon and energy in a smaller space
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16
Q

Cellulose

A

not a for storage but structural component for the cell

  • found in plant cell walls
    –> found in all plants, therefore one of most abundant biological substances on earth
  • polymer of glucose beta-1-4-glycosidic linkage (forms straight linear chain.
  • unbranched, linear structure
  • forms strong bundles
  • linear chain –> allows plant to produce long straight polymers that are able to lay parallel to one another –> all hydroxyl groups along cellulose hydrogen bond together to bind cellulose into fibers = bundles –> bundles/fibers are very strong –> make up main structural component of plant cell wall.
17
Q

Aldehyde vs ketone

A

• are structural isomers

Aldehyde:
- carbonyl group is located on end of carbon chain
-

Ketone:
- carbonyl group is located on C 2 of carbon chain

18
Q

Enantiomers (D and L)

A
  • isomers that mirror each other
  • 4 diff atoms/ functional groups surround single C.
    —> alpha glucose more reactive than Beta glucose
  • L form (laevus): hydroxyl group extends to the left
  • D form (dexter): hydroxyl group extends to the right.
19
Q

Fats

A

Made of:

  1. glycerol
  2. 3 fatty acids = triacylglycerol (aka fat)
    –> attached by ester linkage (is a covalent bond)
    –> dehydration rxn
  • base structure is same but can make
    diff fats by adding diff fatty acids
  • hydrophobic b/c of bonds in ester linkage
20
Q

Phospholipids

A

Is a lipid

Function: main component of cell membranes

  • are amphipathic (part hydrophobic, part hydrophilic)
    —> hydrophilic head, interacts with H2O
    —> hydrophobic tails, interacts with other hydrophobic tails
  • structure similar to fat, expect 3rd C of glycerol attached to phosphate group. (Which is very negative charged, therefore polar)
  • attached by ester bonds, formed by dehydration rxn.
  • attached to phosphate group is either additional unit or polar unit.
  • spontaneously assemble into bilayer in H2O
    — acts as boundary between cell and environment
21
Q

Sterols

A

Is a lipid.

Function: cell membrane, chemical signalling in molecules

  • form hormones

Properties:
- non polar
- carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings
—> C-C & C-H bonds, therefore non polar and hydrophobic

22
Q

Fatty acids

A

Made of:
- 1 hydrocarbon chain
- carboxyl on one end (-COOH)
–> gives it acidic properties

  • Db create bends
  • cis and trans isomers
23
Q

Glycerol

A

Made of :
- 3 carbons
- 3 hydroxyl

24
Q

Ester linkage

A
  • is formed between the oxygen molecules of glycerol and the hydroxyl molecules of fatty acids.
  • formation of ester linkage is an endothermic reaction.
25
Q

Cholesterol

A

Is a sterol.

  • component of animal cell membranes
  • precursor to all other sterols (I.e. estradiol and testosterone)
  • synthesized in liver; consumed in animal fats
  • high levels may clog arteries

BIOL 107 (48 decks)

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