Week 3 Lecture 3a - Disorders of Childhood (DN) Flashcards
To discuss the description, aetiology and treatment for developmental disorders, including autism, ADHD, and other externalizing problems.
Define the term Developmental Disorders.
- those conditions that are manifested in clinically significant ways during children’s developing years and are a source of concern to families and the educational system
What are three areas of controversy in the area of Developmental Psychology?
- The growing number of children diagnosed with a disorder
- The growing number of children on medication
- The change of reference for autism spectrum disorders in the DSM-5
4: 24
What is an important consideration when looking at the concept of normality or abnormality?
- context
- take into account the developmental period of the child
4:00
How was there a change of reference of Autism Spectrum Disorders in DSM-5?
- Changed in DSM-5
- Aspergers was separate
- Pervasive developmental disorders have all been put together
- Autism, Aspergers now put on a continuum
- Conduct & Oppositional Defiance moved into a separate category
7:15
What are two different ways that behaviours manifest in disordered children
- Externalising
- Internalising
- Social Withdrawal, Anxiety, Depression
How do boys and girls differ in their behavioural manifestation of childhood disorders?
- Girls - typically more internalising
- Boys - typically more externalising
10:30
When can a diagnosis of ADHD be made?
- Severe
- Persistent
- Problematic
“When hyperactive behaviours are extreme for the developmental period, persistent across conditions, and linked to significant impairments in functioning, the diagnosis of ADHD may be appropriate”
10:55
Give a conceptual understanding of the DSM-5 Criteria for ADHD?
6 or more behaviours listed under
- Inattention &/or
- Hyperactivity and Impulsivity
- typically manifests before age 12
- consistent across multiple settings
- reduce quality of functioning
- not exclusive during a psychotic disorder
- not better explained by another disorder
- there are three subtypes for diagnosis
(exam: think about the way this disorder manifests)
What are the three subtypes of ADHD?
- Predominantly Inattentive Subtype
- Predominantly Hyperactive Type
- Combined type
can switch between types
16:00
What are three characteristics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Inattention
Hyperactive
 Difficulty interacting with peers
What is the prevalence of ADHD?
- 3-7% of school-age children meet criteria
- Difficult to diagnose prior 4-5y
- ~4% adults ADHD
- (4.4% = Kessler et al., 2006; males, divorced, unemployed, non-hispanic white)
What did Hoza et al., 2010’s study look at, and what were the findings?
- looked at different aspects of childs behaviour
- the study followed children for 6 years
- found a viscious cycle of
- Social Skills (reduced)
- Aggression
- Inflated view of self
- these behaviours predicted poor outcomes
Why might it be difficult to diagnose ADHD prior to age 4-5yrs?
- diagnostic criteria requires 2 or more settings
- difficult as the child is not yet in school
- behaviour may be perceived as appropriate for that developmental age
What were some of the findings in Polanezyk et al., (2007) - which pooled estimates of prevalence worldwide (gender, age, geographical location?
- Males had higher prevalence (44 studies) than females (40 studies)
- consistent finding
- Male more likely to exhibit externalising
- Females - internalising
- yes there is a gender difference but must be
- More prevalent in children (43 studies) than adolescents (23 studies)
- Huge geographical differences in prevalence
- may be due to culture differences in what are considered normal/abnormal behaviour
- financial status of country
Does the comorbidity of externalising & internalising ADHD behaviours differ?
-
Externalising behaviours
- overlap with conduct disorders
-
Internalising behaviours
- overlap with Anxiety & Depression
- ~30%adolescents may have comorbid intellectual disability(Jensenetal.,1997)
