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Cognition (y2s1) > Week 3 Lecture 3 - retrieval > Flashcards

Week 3 Lecture 3 - retrieval Flashcards

1
Q

What are most memory failures due to?

A

failure of retrieval

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2
Q

What are tip of the tongue states?

A

knowing a response but being unable to produce it

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3
Q

What is retrieval?

A

A progression from one or more retrieval cues to a target memory trace through associative connections

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4
Q

What is the aim of retrieval?

A

to make the target available

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5
Q

What is a target memory trace?

A

the particular memory we are searching for

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6
Q

what are retrieval cues?

A

bits of information about the target that guide the search

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7
Q

What are associations?

A

bonds that slink together items in memory
vary in strength

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8
Q

What is spreading activation?

A

the automatic transmission of energy from one memory to related items via associations

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9
Q

Is spreading activation proprtional?

A

yes it is proportional to the strength of connections

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10
Q

What is the activation level?

A

the internal state of a memory, reflecting its level of excitement

determines the accessibility of the item

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11
Q

When is activation level increased?

A
  • when something related to the memory is encountered
  • persists for some time
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12
Q

What is pattern completion?

A

process by which spreading activation from a set of cues leads to reinstatement of a memory

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13
Q

What is pattern completion regarded as?

A

a hippocampal mechanism

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14
Q

What 7 factors determine retrieval success?

A
  • attention to cues
  • relevance of cues
  • cue target strength
  • number of cues
  • target strength
  • retrieval strategy
  • retrieval mode
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15
Q

What is attention to cues?

A

reduced attention to a cue impairs ability to guide retrieval

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16
Q

What is relevance of cues?

A

Retrieval cues are most effective when they are strongly related to the target (e.g., were present at encoding)

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17
Q

What is cue-target associative strength?

A

Retrieval success depends on the strength of cue-target association

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18
Q

What is number of cues?

A

Access to additional, relevant cues facilitates retrieval (such as elaborative encoding

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19
Q

What is strength of target memory?

A

Weakly encoded targets are more difficult to retrieve

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20
Q

What is retrieval strategy?

A

Retrieval success is increased by:
-The organization of materials at encoding
-Adopting efficient strategies of memory search

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21
Q

What is retrieval mode?

A

Frame of mind allows interpreting environmental stimuli as episodic memory cues to guide subsequent retrieval

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22
Q

What are direct/explicit memory tasks?

A
  • ask people to recall particular experience
  • require a contextual cue
  • reveal impaired performance in amnesiacs
  • rely on hippocampus
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23
Q

What are indirect/implicit memory tests?

A
  • measure unconscious influence of experience without asking ppts to recall past
  • priming
  • reveal normal performance in amnesiacs
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24
Q

What is priming?

A

recent experience with the stimulus improves performance

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25
Q

What are contextual cues?

A

specify conditions under which a stimulus was encoded

25
Q

What are contextual cues?

A

specify conditions under which a stimulus was encoded

26
Q

What are 4 types of contextual cues?

A
  • spatio-temporal/ env. (location)
  • mood
    -physiological (physical state)
  • cognitive (collection of concepts one has thought about the event)
27
Q

What are 4 types of explicit retrieval tasks?

A
  • free recall
  • cued recall
  • yes/ no recognition
  • forced-choice recognition
28
Q

What are 3 types of implicit retrieval tasks?

A
  • stem completion
  • fragment completion
  • conceptual fluency
29
Q

What is context dependent memory?

A

context reinstates original encoding environment and facilitates retrieval

30
Q

What is the principle of encoding specificity?

A

we encode information along with its context

31
Q

What is an example of a study on context dependent memory? What did they find?

A

Godden and Baddley - scuba diving study
Material is recalled best in the environment it was learned

32
Q

What did a study on noise context and memory find?

A

Participants did better when the testing condition matched the study condition

33
Q

What is state dependent memory?

A

like context dependent memory but relating to state/ environment (internal)

Recall depends on the match between the participants’ internal environment (i.e. physiological state) at encoding and retrieval

34
Q

Recall is best if encoding and retrieval both occur when:

A

Drunk (Goodwin et al)
Under the influence of marijuana or caffeine (Eich)
Under the influence of exercising or at rest (Miles & Hardman)

35
Q

When does state dependency disappear?

A

under recognition tests

36
Q

What is mood dependent memory?

A
  • about the person/person match
  • recall is dependent on the match in mood states between encoding and retrieval
37
Q

What is mood congruent memory?

A
  • about the person/item match
  • it is easier to recall events that have an emotional tone that matches the current mood of the person
38
Q

What is a study on mood-dependent memory?

A

Task:
- Encoding: pleasant or unpleasant mood
- Test: two days later, same or opposite mood prior to recall

Results:
- Free recall was vastly improved when mood states matched.

39
Q

True or false
a study found that memories are easier to access when retrieval takes place in the same language mode as they were encoded?

A

true

40
Q

are retrieved memories entirely intact?

A

no

41
Q

do we “figure out” some aspects of recalled experience?

A

yes

42
Q

What is recognition memeory?

A
  • decide whether something has been encountered before
  • present stimulus, unlike in recall
  • discriminate between old and new stimuli
43
Q

What is signal detection theory?

A
  • used to understand and explore recognition memory decisions
44
Q

What auditory task is used in signal detection theory?

A

Detect a tone (signal) presented against background noise
Hard or easy to detect.

45
Q

memory traces have strength values. What do these dictate?

A

how ”familiar” a stimulus feels

46
Q

Memory traces vary in familiarity. What is this based on?

A

attention at encoding and repetitions

46
Q

Memory traces vary in familiarity. What is this based on?

A

attention at encoding and repetitions

47
Q

In SDT:
New items are less familiar than old items. But distractors can be quite familiar e.g., they appear often or are similar to old items

Therefore, what can happen?

A

the two distributions can overlap

48
Q

In SDT what is response criterion?

A

Items that surpass this are judged old. Can be more liberal or strict

49
Q

What can SDT not correctly account for?

A

Word frequency effect

SDT incorrectly predicts low-frequency words should be less familiar

50
Q

What is the word frequency effect?

A

Low frequency words are better recognised

51
Q

What is Dual-process theory?

A

recognition memory is based on 2 types of memory/processes

  • familiarity
  • recollection
52
Q

What is familiarity in dual-process theory?

A
  • A sense of memory without being able to remember contextual information
  • Described by signal detection
  • Faster and more automatic
53
Q

What is recollection in dual-process theory?

A
  • Retrieving contextual details about a stimulus -like cued recall
  • Slower and more attention demanding
54
Q

Under dual-process theory, what is recollection selectively disrupted by?

A
  • Divided attention during encoding
  • Divided attention during recognition
  • Advanced age and damage to the prefrontal cortex
55
Q

Is recollection an attention-demanding process?

A

yes

56
Q

is familiarity usually faster than recollection?

A

yes

57
Q

How can recognition memory be measured?

A

by the remember / know procedure (Tulving)

58
Q

What is the remember / know procedure?

A

Participants decide whether they either:

Remember the item being presented previously:
- Recollect contextual details
- Measure of recollection

Know it was presented previously:
- Seems familiar
- Measure of familiarity

59
Q

What brain structures are thought to support recognition memeory?

A

Medial Temporal Lobe

60
Q

Is the hippocampus important in recognition memory?

A

yes but the surrounding cortex can support recognition, even when the hippocampus is compromised

Cognition (y2s1) (10 decks)

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