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POTH 225: BIOMECHANICS > Week 3: joints and biomechanics of materials > Flashcards

Week 3: joints and biomechanics of materials Flashcards

1
Q

what shoulder movement moves in thr transverse plane

A

med/lateral rotation

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2
Q

what shoulder movement moves in the sagittal plane

A

flex/extend

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3
Q

what shoulder movement moves in the coronal plane

A

abduction and adduction

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4
Q

the axes of human movement are perpendicular to what

A

perpendicular to the plane in which segment rotates

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5
Q

x= flexion/extension axis is perpendicular to what plane

A

sagital

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6
Q

Z= abduction, adduction axis is perpendicular to what plane

A

to frontal plane

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7
Q

Y= med/lateral rot axis is perpendicular to what plane

A

transverse plane

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8
Q

what are degrees of freedom in a joint

A

number of planes within a joint moves

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9
Q

OT and PTs typically work in how many degrees of freedom/planes of movement

A

between 1-3 planes

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10
Q

what is an example of a joint that moves in only 1 plane/1 degree of freedom

A

PIP only flexion and extension

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11
Q

what is a joint in the body with 2 degrees of freedom

A

MCP
flex extension
abd/add

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12
Q

what are joints in the body with 3 degrees of freedom

A

hip and shoulder

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13
Q

human joints can be overal classed into 2 structures: what are they

A

synarthroses
diarthorsis

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14
Q

true or false: diarthroses joints have little movement

A

false,more movement

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15
Q

what are the 3 subtypes of synarthrosis

A

synostoses
synchondroses
syndesmoses

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16
Q

explain synostoses and gvie example

A

bone fused to bone
ex: sutures in the brain

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17
Q

explain synchondroses and give example

A

bone to bone by cartilage
ex: rib cartilage

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18
Q

explain syndesmosis and give example

A

bone to bone by fibrous connective tissue
ex: interosseous membrane

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19
Q

diarthorsis are aka as what types of joints

A

synovial

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20
Q

what are the 5 properties of synovial joint

A

articular cartilage
synovial fluid
synovial membrane
joint (articular) capsule
ligaments

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21
Q

articular cartilage is usually what type

A

hyaline

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22
Q

what is the function of articular cartilage in joints

A

at the distal aspects of bones to allow for smooth movement

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23
Q

joint/fibrous articular capsule contains what

A

contains joint receptors (mecanoreceptors) which are critical to movement (provide proprioceptive input)

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24
Q

what are the 4 mechanical classifications of synovial joints

A

uniaxial
biaxial
triaxial
no rotation

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25
Q

hinge and pivot joints are uni, bi or triaxial

A

uni

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26
Q

condylloid/ellipsoid are uni, bi or triaxial joints

A

biaxial

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27
Q

ball and socket joints are uni, bi or triaxial joints

A

tri

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28
Q

true or false: there is no rotation in gliding/plane joints

A

true

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29
Q

what are the chracteritics of the uniaxial/ginglymus) HINGE joint

A

Convex surfaces articulates with concave surface
designed for flex/extension

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30
Q

true or false: the hinge joint is a tight congruent joint

A

true

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31
Q

what are some examples of hinge joints

A

ulnohumeral, interphalangeal

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32
Q

what are the chracteristics of the pivot/trochoid joint

A

rotation of one bone on another (longitudinal axis)

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33
Q

what are some explains of pibot/trochoid joints

A

proximal radioulnar joint
atlantoaxial joint

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34
Q

biaxial joints have how many degrees of freedom

A

2

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35
Q

what are the characteritics of the condylloid/ellipsoid joint

A

convex surface fits into concave surface of similar shade

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36
Q

what are some examples of the condylloid/ellipsoid joint

A

radiocarpal joint (ellipsoid)
MCP (condyloid)

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37
Q

what determines if a joint is condylloid or ellipsoid

A

depth of the concave surface

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38
Q

condylloid have more shallow or deeper concave surfaces

A

shallow

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39
Q

what are the chracteritics of ball and socket joints

A

spherical head fits into a concave depression

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40
Q

what is the cost of a highly mobile joint I

A

increased instability

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41
Q

how many degrees of freedom are there in triaxial ball and socket joints

A

3

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42
Q

what are some examples of ball and socket joint

A

glenohumreal joint of shoulder
femoral head into acetabulum of hip

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43
Q

since the ball and socket joints are so mobile, they are insatable which means they rely on what

A

constraints by periartiuclar structures (ligaments)

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44
Q

what are the characteritics of saddle joints

A

convex and concave surfaces fit together like a sADDLE (TIGHT FIT)

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45
Q

what is an example of a saddle joint in the body

A

trapeziometacarpal joint of thumb/carpometacarpal jt of thumb

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46
Q

what are the chractericis of gliding synovial jjoint (plane or gliding)

A

articular surfaces that slide on each other. no rotation (flat surfaces)

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47
Q

wht are some examples of gliding synoval joints

A

tarsal bones, inter-carpal joints, articulr processes of the vertebra

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48
Q

what are the 3 types of synovial joint movement

A

1) spin
2) roll/rotation
3) glide (or slide)

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49
Q

explain spin as a synoval joint movement

A

rotary motion, fixed axis, no translation

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50
Q

true or false, in a spin movement, there is translation

A

false, there is rotary motion along a fixed axis but no translation

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51
Q

explain roll/rotation as a synoval joint movement

A

rotary motion, new point of contact
advances/translates forward

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52
Q

explain glide as a synoval joint movement

A

linear or translatory motion

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53
Q

true or false: in glide/slide, there is rotary motion

A

false, there is linear/translatory motion but not rotatry./rolling

54
Q

in the joints of the body, it is a combo of what synoval movments

A

combination roll and glide

55
Q

what is the instant cetner of rotation

A

the theoretical axis of rotation for the joint at any given position

56
Q

why does COR in a joint change

A

changes since joint movement is rotation as well as gliding

57
Q

the convex-concave rule is predicted by what

A

shapen of joint surface

58
Q

convex-concave rule is used during rotation to determine what

A

the direction of intraarticular glide

59
Q

according to the convex-concave rule, if the bone with the concave surface moves on the convex surface, what is the direction of intraarticular glide

A

the concave articular surface glides in the same direction as the bone segments roll/movement
ex: MP joint

60
Q

according to the convex-concave rule, if the bone with the convex surface moves on the bone with the concave surface, what is the direction of intraarticular glide

A

the convex surface glides in the direction opposite to the bone rolling motion
ex: glenohum joint

61
Q

joint glides are known as what types of movements

A

accessory movemnts

62
Q

concave on convex., same or different direction of intraarticular glide

A

same

63
Q

convex on concave, same or different direction of intraarticular glide

A

opposite

64
Q

what is the radius of curvature

A

describes the amount of curvature of a joint surface
it is the length of the radius of a circle of the same curvature

65
Q

what is the closed pack position (4)

A

point of exact congruency where:
a) joint has max area of surface contact
b) ligs are under tension
c) capsule is taut
d) joint is compressed

66
Q

if the joint has max area of surface contact
b) ligs are under tension, is it in open or closed pack

A

closed

67
Q

if the ligs are under compression, is it in open or closed back

A

closed

68
Q

if the joint capsule is taut, is it in open or closed pack

A

closed

69
Q

if the joint is compressed, is it in open or closed pack

A

closed

70
Q

give an example of a joint in closed pack position

A

PIP joint in full extension

71
Q

explain open packed position

A

joint surfaces are incongruent
ligs are more slack
capsule is more slack
greater easy for acessory movement

72
Q

in which position is there greater ease for accessory movement: closed or open

A

open pack

73
Q

if the ligs are more slack, is it in open or closed back

A

open

74
Q

if the capsule is more slack, is it in open or closed back

A

open

75
Q

if the joint surfaces are incongruent, is it open or closed pack position

A

open

76
Q

what is joint end feel

A

resistance to movement at end of passive joint range of motion (pushing the joint through the arc of motion)

77
Q

if there is bone on bone contact, what will the joint end feel be

A

hard end feel
will feel like a bony block, abrupt stop, hit a wall

78
Q

if there is soft soft tissue approximation (ex bicep motion) what willthe end feel be

A

soft end feel (a bit of give at the end of motion)

79
Q

how does joint end feel feel if you are not able to reach end point

A

empty end feel (ex: ligament rupture or guarding of movment)

80
Q

what is the defintion of stress

A

force applied to deform a structure
force is perpendicular to the area
force per unit experienced by the material

81
Q

in stress, the force is perpendicular to what

A

the area

82
Q

what is the formula for stress

A

sigma = F/ A

F= force applied
A= area over which force is applied

83
Q

what are the different types of stress forces

A

compression
tension
shear

84
Q

what is shear stress ctreated by

A

by a force that is parallel (not perpendicular) to the area

85
Q

what is shear stress

A

shear stress = shear force/ area

86
Q

what is the definition of strain

A

resulting deformation of a material from force (perpendicular or parallel)

87
Q

what is the formula for strain

A

strain = change in length of material / resting length of material

88
Q

stress-strain curves have what 3 functions

A

examine how materials change with age
examine how materails react to different forces
examine how material react to every day stresses

89
Q

know the stress strain curve

A

.

90
Q

what is the toe region

A

initial un-crimping of fibres

91
Q

what is the elastic region

A

material returns to the original length when load (applied force) is removed. Stress vs strain relationship is linear

92
Q

what is the plastic region

A

structure does not return to original length when loadremoved

93
Q

what is the yield point (elastic limit) in the stress strain graph

A

where there is the transitmitin between elastic and plastic phase
stress level at which a material begings to permanently deform

94
Q

what is the failure

A

applied force continues beyond plasitc region
w

95
Q

what is the failure point/ultimate strength

A

highest stress it can withstand without breaking

96
Q

what is young’s (elasticity) modulus

A

the slope of the straight line (elastic region) of a stress strain curve is the elasticity modulus) represeted by E

97
Q

what is a higher value of E (slope/elasticity modulus) indicivative of

A

a stifferer material

98
Q

what does ductile describe

A

describes a material that deforms plastically before failure

99
Q

what does brittle describe

A

describes a material that fails before plastic deformation

100
Q

explain brittle failure

A

linear stress/strain relationshiop
failure comes before plastic deformation

101
Q

explain ductile failure

A

failures comes after plastic deformation
material yields with continued increased in the applied force

102
Q

explain ductile failure

A

failures comes after plastic deformation
material yields with continued increased in the applied forcew

103
Q

what is poissons ratio

A

the ratio of lateral vs axial strain
( V= -lateral strain/axial strain)

104
Q

explain poissons ratio and give example

A

applying a tensole force will change the length but also the width
ex: a material is pulled (tension) during testing and the diameter and length change

105
Q

what does fatigue testing determine

A

fatigue testing determines how many loading cycles (load-unload) at a given load a material can withstand bnefore failing

106
Q

what is fatigue life

A

number of loading cycles that a material can withstand at a given stress level

107
Q

true or false: materials behave differently if they are loaded at different rates

A

true

108
Q

most materials subjected to a higher number of loading cycles will fail at a stress lower than their ultimate strength

A

lower than (bending a paper clip until it breaks)

109
Q

understnad the clinical example for loading cyclesi

A
110
Q

if a material has a time dependent mechanical behaviour due to a fluid like component it is blank

A

viscoelastic

111
Q

what is viscosity

A

“gooeyness” of a material. High viscocity fluid flows more slowly

112
Q

High viscocity fluid flows more slowly or fast

A

slowly

113
Q

explain viscoelasticity

A

material that demonstrate a time dependent behaviour due to loading

114
Q

true or false: most human biological materials (ex: tendon) exhibit viscoelastic behaviour

A

true

115
Q

what are the 2 components of viscoelastic nature of materials

A

creep
stress relatxiation

116
Q

explain stress relaxation

A

the reduction of stress within a material over time as the matieral is subject to constant deformation

117
Q

explain creep

A

the continued deformation of matieral over time as the material is subjected to a constant load

118
Q

understand creep vs stress realax.

A
119
Q

bones behave similarly to what other material with applied forced

A

beams

120
Q

what is the neutral axis in bones

A

the location where a beam experiences zero stress

121
Q

in bending there is stress on one side of the neutral axis is compression, what is the othr side

A

tension

122
Q

what is torsion in beams

A

a twisting force can be applied to a beam instrad of bending force thus creating torsion

123
Q

torsion generates what type of stress

A

shear stress that are distributed over the entire structure

124
Q

why is understanding stress important for fractures

A

the type of stress impacts what type of fracture you get

125
Q

tension stress causes what fracture

A

transverse

126
Q

compression stress causes what fracture

A

obloque

127
Q

bending stress causes what fracture

A

buttergly

128
Q

torsion stress causes what fracture

A

spiral

129
Q

explain isotropic material properties

A

they do not depend on the direction of loading
ex: glass

130
Q

explain anisotropic mateiral properties

A

they depend on the direction of loading
ex: bones, ligs, tendons

131
Q

are most structures in the body composed of isotropic or anisotropic materials

A

anisotropic

POTH 225: BIOMECHANICS (15 decks)

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