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POTH 225: BIOMECHANICS > Week 1: Basic biomechanimal concepts > Flashcards

Week 1: Basic biomechanimal concepts Flashcards

1
Q

what are the numerous fields that contribute to biomecs

A

math, physics, engineering
biologyc, chem, physiology
health sciences, med

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2
Q

where is biomecahncs used

A

sports, ergonomics and design, medecine and surgery (cardio, neuro, ortho) rehab

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3
Q

fancy definition of kinematics

A

study of motion without regard to the forces that cause that motion

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4
Q

velocity, accetable, jt angles are associated with kinematics or kinetics

A

kinematics

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5
Q

torque is associated to kinetics or kinematics

A

kinetics

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6
Q

in kinematics what are the 2 types of movement possiblr

A

1) translation
2) rotation

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7
Q

explain translation in terms of kinematics

A

all points on body move the same distance

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8
Q

explain rotation in terms of kinematics

A

there is a stationary point (COR) and all points move in an arc around that stationary point

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9
Q

what type of movement is most common in the buman body and explai n

A

rotation
=rotation occurs at the joints
=there are some translations that occur with the rotation but very small movements

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10
Q

injuries can increase rotational or translational movment

A

translation

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11
Q

what are the 4 kinematic variables

A

position
displacement
velocity
acceleration

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12
Q

explain position

A

where you are

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13
Q

explain displacement

A

change in position

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14
Q

explain velocity (formula)

A

change in position/time
displace/time

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15
Q

explain accelration (fromaula)

A

change in velocity/time

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16
Q

velocity has two components and speed only has one. what are the componenets of velocity

A

its a vector so it has both magnitude and direction

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17
Q

what are the 3 axis in the coordinate system

A

anterior/posterior
superior/inferior
medial/lateral

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18
Q

what are the 3 planes of the coordinate system

A

saggital
frontal/coronal
transverse

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19
Q

sagital splits the body into what

A

l/r halves

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20
Q

frontal splits the body into what

A

anterior and psoterior halves

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21
Q

transverse splits the body into what

A

up and dwon

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22
Q

planes rotate around the axis that are BLANK to it

A

perpendicular

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23
Q

what are the 2 axis of the sagital plane

A

super/inferior
anterior/posterior

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24
Q

what are the 2 axis of the frontal plane

A

super/inf
med/lat

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25
Q

what are the 2 axis of the transverse plane

A

med/lat
ant/post

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26
Q

explain the axis and plane of shoulder abduction

A

moves in the coronal plane along the ant/post

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27
Q

explain the axis and plane of shoulder flexion

A

rotation in sagital plane about med/lat

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28
Q

global coordinate system has how many dimensions

A

3

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29
Q

what is the difference between global and local coordinate systems

A

global: fixed to some point in space
local: fixed to a rigid body (ex: femur)

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30
Q

explain local/anatomic coordinate system

A

seperate coordinate systems per segment and joint angles is how they move relative to each other

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31
Q

two local coordinates (eg: knee and femur) are often compared to determine what

A

joint angles

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32
Q

in our global coordinate system, how many degrees of freedom do we have

A

6 degrees of gfreedom

33
Q

what does it mean to have 6 degrees of freedom of movement

A

it means there are 6 wways to move in 3 dimensional space

34
Q

with 6 degrees of freedom you can translate and rotate along what axes

A

3 axes

35
Q

true or false: there are 6 DOF in joints of the body

A

false, there are less than 6 DOG in joints because of contraints (joint surfaces, ligaments, etc)

36
Q

how can we translate along the 3 axis

A

forward/bnackwars
right/left
up/down

37
Q

how can we rotate along the 3 axis

A

roll
pitch
yaw

38
Q

what is force

A

a push or pull acting on a body (F=massx acceelation)

39
Q

what is the formula for force

A

F= mass x acceleration

40
Q

what is the units for force

A

newtons ( N= kg*m/s2)

41
Q

name some common forces:

A

muscles, ligaments, ground reaction, weight (gravity)

42
Q

what is moment (torque)

A

force acting at a distance from center of rotation

43
Q

what is the formula for moment/torque

A

M = moment arm x force

44
Q

what is the unit of moment/torque

A

measured in New*Meters

Nm= kg*m2/s2

45
Q

what is newtons 1st law

A

an object remains at rest (or continutes moving at a constant velocity) unless acted upon by an unbalanced extermal force

SigmaF=0. SigmaM=0 (sum of all forces/torques = 0 )

46
Q

what is the significance of newtons 1st law

A

will be used to help solve forecs and moments in static bodies

47
Q

what is newtons 2nd law:

A

If there is an unbalanced force acting on an object, it produces an acceleration in the direction of the force, directional proportional to the force

48
Q

what is the formula for newtons 2nd law

A

F=ma

49
Q

what is the significace of newtons 2nd law

A

will be used to help solve forces and moments in accelerating bodies

50
Q

what is newtons 3rd law:

A

for every action (force), there is a reaction (opposing force) of equal magnitude but in the opposite direction

51
Q

what is the significance of the 3rd newton law

A

will be used to measure external forces acting on the body (ex: GRF)

52
Q

what is anthropometry

A

study of the physical measurements of the human body

53
Q

what do anthropometrics measure

A

segment length, segment mass, centre of mass location, radius of gyration (resistance to rotation)

54
Q

what is the centre of mass/center of gravity

A

point on which any line passing through it divides the bodys segments mass in half

55
Q

true or false: around the centre of mass, the mass is equally distributed around this point

A

truw

56
Q

does center of mass change with movement

A

yes

57
Q

are you more stable when your center of mass is in or OUTSIDE your pass of sjupport

A

in (you are less stable outside your base of support)

58
Q

what do motion capture systems do for kinematics

A

measure position (calculate velocity, acceleration ,joint angles)

59
Q

what are the current motion capture systems we are using

A

optoelectric
electromagnetics
ultrasound

60
Q

historically, what was used to capture motion

A

cameras and movie/television cameras

61
Q

what is the principle of optoelectric systems

A

markers emit (active) or reflect (passive) infrared light, cameras identity marker position

62
Q

what is the principle of electromagnetic systems

A

receivers (markers) pick up magnetic field emitted by a transmitter

63
Q

what are the advantages of optoelectric systems

A

high accuracy
can be wireless
not influenced by materials

64
Q

what are the disadvantages of optoelectric systems

A

markers can be occucluded (blocking each other)
post-processing time with some systems

65
Q

what iare the advantages of electromagnetic systems

A

clear line of sight not necessary

66
Q

what are the disadvantages of electromagnetic systems

A

metal interferance
limited range
wires

67
Q

what are the 4 motion captures capabilities

A

1) cameras
2) optoelectric, electromagnetic, ultrasound
3) inertial sensors
4) markerless systems

68
Q

explain inertial sensors for motion caputuring

A

combination of accelorometers (acceleration/inclination), gyroscopes (orientation), magnetometers (horizontal position)

69
Q

explain markerless systems

A

multiple cameras getting 3D image (use contrast, machine learning = computer can automatically detect and label joints)

70
Q

what are electrogoniometers used for and how

A

to measure joint angles during movement
by change in electrical current when device is bent

71
Q

what is the advanaage of electrogoniometeers

A

cheap, simple

72
Q

what are the disadvantages of electrogoniometers

A

difficult to align, movement can be limited by device

73
Q

what do acceleratomets measure

A

acceleration

74
Q

what can accelorometeres determine

A

net forec (F=ma), velocity or disaplacement

75
Q

what is the instrumentation used for kinetics

A

force transducers and force plates
dynammometers
electromyography
pressure sensors

76
Q

what do dynamometers measure

A

strength (force)
ex: isokinetic dynamometers, hand help., grip strenght

77
Q

what does electromyographt measure

A

measures muscle activation during different activities

78
Q

true or false: electromyography measures muscle force

A

false, it does not

79
Q

when are pressure sensors usually used in kinetics

A

often used to measure plantar pressure

POTH 225: BIOMECHANICS (15 decks)

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