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POTH 225: BIOMECHANICS > lecture 13: prehension and word > Flashcards

lecture 13: prehension and word Flashcards

1
Q

what is keinbocks disease

A

avascular necrosis of the lunate

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2
Q

what is the definition of prehension

A

prehension is the ability of the fingers and thumb to grasp and pick up objects

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3
Q

what are the elements of prehension (5)

A

area of contact with hand
number of fingers involved
finger position
thumb position
wrist position

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of prehension

A

grip
pinch

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5
Q

what are the types of grip (5)

A

power grip
precision grip
hook grip
cylindrical grip
lumbrical grip

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6
Q

what are the types of pinch (3)

A

key pinch
tip pinch
3 point (palmar pinch)

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7
Q

stability and large force is associated with what grip

A

power grip

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8
Q

what is the wrist position in power grip

A

wrist extension and ulnar deviation

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9
Q

why is power grip associated with wrist extension and ulnar deviation

A

the flexion force is inferior because of active insufficiency
=the muscle tendinous unit crosses more than 1 joint therefore the long flexors are going to be in a flexed position (and not adequate muscle length )

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10
Q

describe the finger position in power grip

A

MP PIP and DIP in flexion

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11
Q

true or false: true power grip the wrist and fingers are in flexion

A

false only the fingers are but hthe wrist is in extension

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12
Q

what is the position of the thumb in power grip

A

thumb in abduction (around object)

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13
Q

give some examples of power grip activities

A

bat, stick, tennis, racket, hammer screwdriver

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14
Q

be able to recognize power grip

A

ex: holding a bat

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15
Q

delicate control is associated with what grip

A

precision grip

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16
Q

explain finger position of thumb and fingers in precision grip

A

thumb partially abductied and fingers partially flexed

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17
Q

true or false: in the precision grip, the fingers are fully flexed

A

false, partially

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18
Q

is the fore constant or variable in precision grip

A

variable

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19
Q

when does the grip get modified in precision grip

A

grip modified depending on object in hand

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20
Q

give examples of precision grip

A

hold a ball or egg with finger/thumb tips

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21
Q

finger grasp is associated with what grip

A

hook grip

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22
Q

explain the position of the fingers in hook grip

A

flexion of PIP and DIP joints (with MCP extension)

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23
Q

true or false: thumb does not contribute to grip in hook grip

A

true

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24
Q

what finger does not contribute to hook grip

A

thumb

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25
Q

give example of hook grip

A

holding a briefcase or purse
rock climbing

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26
Q

what grip is associated with graping a large cylinder

A

cylindrical grip

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27
Q

true or false: in cylindrical grip, the thumb touches fingers

A

false
thumb does not touch fingers

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28
Q

what is the position of thumbs in cylindrical grip

A

thumb does not touch fingers
thumb abduction and opposition

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29
Q

what is the finger position in cylindrical grip

A

finger flexion arounnd object

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30
Q

give example of cylindrical grip

A

holding a glass or water bottle

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31
Q

holding a glass or water bottle is an example of what grip

A

cylindrical grip

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32
Q

holding a briefcase ro purse, rock climbing is an example of what crip

A

hook grip

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33
Q

holdinga. ball or egg with finger/thumbs is an example of what grip

A

precision grip

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34
Q

holding a bat, racket or hammer is an example of what grip

A

power grip

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35
Q

there is greater contact with object in precision or cylindrical grip

A

cylindrical

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36
Q

what is the positions of the fingers in lumbrical grip

A

flexion of MPS
PIP and DIP extension

flexion of thumb MP with IP in extension

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37
Q

true or false: in lumbrical grip, there is extension of MPs and flexion of PIP and DIP

A

false, opposite

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38
Q

what is the position of the thumb in lumbrical grip

A

flexion of MP with IP in extension

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39
Q

give an example of lumbrical grip

A

pulling a car from deck

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40
Q

pulling a car from deck is an example of what grip

A

lumbrical grip

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41
Q

precision is associated with what grip

A

tip pinch

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42
Q

explain the finger position in tip pinch

A

opposition to fingertip
thumb MP and IP in slight flexion
finger flexed

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43
Q

give an example of tip pinch

A

holding a needle

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44
Q

true or false: in tip pinch, the thumb MP and IP are in slight flexion

A

true

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45
Q

key pinch is associated with what pinch

A

lateral pinch

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46
Q

explain thumb and finger position in lateral pinch

A

thumb adducted and index finger flexed

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47
Q

what muscle is mostly used in lateral pinch

A

adductor

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48
Q

what would happen if adductor is weak (with weak ulnar n) in lateral pinch

A

to compensate they would flex with flexor pollicus longus

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49
Q

what pinch is associated with pads of fingers-thumb

A

palmar pinch

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50
Q

explain the thumb and finger position in palmar pinch

A

thumb in opposition with IP in extension

finger DIP in extension

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51
Q

explain the thumb position in palmar pimch

A

thumb in opposition with IP in extension

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52
Q

explain the finger position in palmar pinch

A

finger DIP in extension

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53
Q

give examples of activities that use palmar pinch

A

turning scrwer/knob to adjust smt

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54
Q

turning scrwer/knob to adjust smt is associated with what grip

A

palmar pinch

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55
Q

to measure power grip

A

power grip is measured through dynamometer

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56
Q

how to measure lateral, palmar or tip pinch

A

pinch meter

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57
Q

a pinch meter can measure what grips

A

lateral, palmar or tip pinch

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58
Q

what is the most common pinch pattern

A

palmar pinch

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59
Q

in picking up and holding an object, what is the most common pinch pattern

A

palmar pinch

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60
Q

in picking up an object, what percentage of the test is done by palmar pinch

A

50

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61
Q

in holding an object, what percentage of the test is done by palmar pinch

A

88

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62
Q

study in functional prehension and autonomy looked at what the relative importance of prehension patterns wrt hand function and autonomy and found 3 most relevant, what were they

A

pad to pad pinch (both hands)
lumbrocal grasp (left hand)
cylindrical graps (right hand)

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63
Q

study in functional prehension and autonomy looked at what the relative importance of prehension patterns wrt hand function and autonomy, pad to pad pinch was associate with what hand

A

both hands

64
Q

study in functional prehension and autonomy looked at what the relative importance of prehension patterns wrt hand function and autonomy, lumbrical grasp is associated with what hand

A

left hand

65
Q

study in functional prehension and autonomy looked at what the relative importance of prehension patterns wrt hand function and autonomy, cylindrical grasp was associate with what hand

A

right hand

66
Q

why was lumbrical grasp more common in left hand

A

used right hand for finger movements

67
Q

claw hand is associated with what palsy

A

ulnar nerve palsy

68
Q

what is the position of hands in ulnar n palsy

A

MP hyperextension
PIP and DIP flexion

69
Q

true or false, in claw hand, MP PIP and DIP are all in flexion

A

false, MP is in hyperextension

70
Q

explain what happens to grip with claw hand position

A

contact surface is greatly reduced is there is decreased hand grip force

71
Q

wrist level median n injury results in inability to do what

A

oppose thumb

72
Q

what compensatory movement is done if you have median nerve palsy

A

compensatory movement with thumb adductor

73
Q

to do a normal okay sign, what is the position of thumb

A

thumb abduction and opposition

74
Q

how can a pt compensate to do the ok sign with median n palsy

A

client will compensate and rely on adductor (ulnar)

75
Q

in work analysis, what is the biomechanimal frame of reference

A

evaluation of the tasks, duties of the workplace and tools and working conditions necessary to perform the job in a satisfactory manner

76
Q

explain the professional roles of OT, PT and kinesiology and ergonomists for work analysis

A

may assess the physical demands of a clients job, help to reintegrate a client back to work and suggest modification of equipment/methids used at work (ex: modify office chair)

77
Q

explain the professional roles of biomechanics researchers for work analysis

A

can perform experiments in a more controlled lab setting with more sophisticated equipment.
Results can then be applied to work setting (ex: spine loads during lifting)

78
Q

explain the professional roles of governmental agencies/epidemilogist for work analysis

A

identify and study risk factors, incidence, prevention methods as well as providing work related regulations and norms
ex: CNESST, IRSST (canadian centre for occupational health and safety

79
Q

work related musculoskeletal disorders risk factors are a function of what 2 things

A

exposure to risk factors vs workers capacity (physical, mental, anthropometrics)

80
Q

give an example of how psychological factors can be a risk factor for work related muscle disorders

A

increased pressure due to increasing demands
ex: increased isolation after covid

81
Q

give an example of how work organization and technological can impact work related musculosketlated disorders

A

may be at risk of working in home (bad ergonomics)
assembly lines

82
Q

what are some examples of worksite evaluation methods (4)

A

kinematic assessment
questionnaries
force evalutiation
surface EMG

83
Q

explain kinematic assessment as a worksite evaluation

A

task analysis from interview and observation, range of motion
video analysis

84
Q

give an example of a worksite evaluation method in terms of questionnarie

A

occupation self assessment

85
Q

give an example of force evaluation as a worksite evaluation method

A

chatillon dynamometer (force needed to push/pull/lift)

86
Q

what are the 5 variables assessed in the “revised strain index”

A

intensity of exercution
frequency of exertion
duration per extertion
hand/wrist position
duration of the task per day

87
Q

what is a Dartfish

A

movement analysis software using important video images to look at ROM

protocols for utilization recommended to optimize reliability and interpretability

88
Q

what are the 3 biomechanimcal risk factors

A

posture
movement and repetition
force

89
Q

explain extreme posture

A

flexed, extended or twisting posture rather than neutral position

90
Q

give an example of extreme posture

A

overhead work

91
Q

what is the US department of labor definition of extreme posture

A

task carried out with joint at 90-100% of ROM amplitude

92
Q

what is prolonged static posture

A

muscles do no t relax, posture help for greater than 1 min

93
Q

true or false: extreme position can only be in flexed or extended positions

A

false, also twisting

94
Q

how long is prolonged static posture need to be held for

A

greater than 1 min

95
Q

what is an example of prolonged static posture

A

seat with no arm rests

96
Q

the amount of time working with arms in elevation about 90 degrees is associated with what

A

shoulder and neck pain

97
Q

the amount of time working with arms in elevation about BLANK degrees is associated with shoulder and neck pain

A

90 degrees

98
Q

number of months with arms in elevation above 90 degrees associated with what

A

alterations in supraspinatus tendon

99
Q

number of months with arms in elevation above BLACK degrees associated with supraspinatus tendon

A

90

100
Q

what are the two types of movements in movement and repetition category

A

extreme movements
repetitive movements

101
Q

explain extreme movements and give example

A

work fast carried out with extreme movement
ex: reaching on an assembly line
ex: twisting neck to look at computer

102
Q

explain repetitive movements and give example

A

number of cycles of the work carried out in the same day and cadence must be considered

103
Q

what industry is bad for repetive

A

food industry

104
Q

according to the dictionary of occupational titles, what does repetitive mean

A

greater than 2/3 of work dat

105
Q

according to the dictionary of occupational titles, what does frequent mean

A

1/3-2/3 of work day

106
Q

according to the dictionary of occupational titles, what does occasional mean

A

1/3 or less of work day

107
Q

true or false: occasional work is defined as taking up 1/3 to 2/3 of work day

A

false, 1/3 or less

108
Q

what is force (biomechanics work analysis)

A

exertion required to carry out the task

109
Q

true or false: if the task is repetitive, a small increase in the required course may cause physical symptoms

A

true

110
Q

give an example of how if the task is repetitive, a small increase in the required course may cause physical symptoms

A

stiffer keyboard for data entry operators can increase insertion

111
Q

what can determine a workers risk for injury

A

the combination of required force and number of muscle contractions can determine workers risk for injury

112
Q

the combination of required force and BLANK can determine workers risk for injury

A

number of muscle contractions

113
Q

when is worker at risk for low back pain in terms of lifting

A

if there is imbalance between their actual lifting strength and the lifting requirements of the job

114
Q

in terms of exposure and risk graph, what is the lowest (green level)

A

1 factor and less frequent
(repetition, or force, or posture)

115
Q

in terms of exposure and risk graph, what is the mid (yellow level)

A

2 factors and moderate frequency
(repetition and force or posture)

116
Q

in terms of exposure and risk graph, what is the highest (red level)

A

3 factors and frequent exposure

117
Q

what are the mechanical risk factors

A

tool use
local pressure
impact vibration

118
Q

true or false, tools can be used for tests they’re not necessarily made form

A

false, according to the general principles, the tools should effectively perform the intended function

119
Q

what is important in terms of the size of tool use and body of user

A

appropriate portion to body size
(ex: small hand gripping large pliers is bad)

120
Q

what are the 4 general principles for tool use

A

1) tools should effectively perform the intended function
2) appropriate proportion to body size
3) appropriate for strength and capacity of worer
4) design should minimize fatigue `

121
Q

what are some hand tool considerations

A

handle she, handle length, handle diapers, texture, grip span, right or left hand, glove use, vibration

122
Q

what is the problem with the current plier shape if its too big

A

can develop dequervains tendonitis

123
Q

what are some risk factors for dental hygienist

A

hunched over
neck flexion (extreme posture)
might have to increase holding force to hold
receptive vibration

124
Q

what is local pressure

A

sustained pressure or friction during work task

125
Q

give an example of local pressure

A

manual therapy techniques and therapists

126
Q

give 2 examples of the supporting evidence for effect of pressure

A

wagon and ada: evaluated 155 physiotherapists who perform spinal manual techniques and 83% complained of thumb pain

crime et al: lifetime prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders was 91% in a sample of 824 physios

127
Q

in wagon and ada: evaluated 155 physiotherapists who perform spinal manual techniques what percentage complained of thumb pain

A

and 83% complained of thumb pain

128
Q

what are the 7 evidence based interventions

A

1) modify work station componets
2) modification of work method
3) exercise programs
4) education program
5) work hardening
6) modification of work wear
7) reduce exposure

129
Q

give examples of modifying work station components

A

ex: hand tools, keyboard design, assistive devices

130
Q

give examples of modification of work method

A

mini breaks, lower weight loads, alternating sitting and standing posture, set up with lean principles

131
Q

give example of education programs

A

back posture during lifting

132
Q

give examples of work hardening programs after injury

A

task simulation and duration of workday

133
Q

give example of modification of work wear

A

shock absorbing insoles

134
Q

how many hours per day does the average canadian undergrad student spend sitting

A

12

135
Q

what can help reduce disc pressure during sitting

A

use of lumbar support, inclining back rest and arm rests

136
Q

when is EMG activity reduced during sitting

A

when back rest inclination is closer to seat

137
Q

when back rest inclination is closer to seat, is EMG activity reduced or icnreased

A

reduced

138
Q

what is the ideal posture for sitting

A

feet flat (or on stool)
knees 90
buttock to back of seat (back rest)
elbow 90 and supported
head straight

139
Q

in the study of impact of office chair features, what improved seated posture

A

seat pan tilt and lumbar support

140
Q

in the study of impact of office chair features, what improved seated posture, sitting uses what

A

near end range of flexion of the spine

141
Q

in the study by madras evaluating the low back biomectrics of 3 different worstations (seated, stnading and perched), what was the conclusion

A

perching method beneficial since moderate support and moderate mvement
helped to reduce spinal load and discomfort

142
Q

true or false: there is a 16% reducion in disc pressure when arms are comfortably supported

A

true

143
Q

does arms being supported affect disc pressure

A

yes
there is a 16% reducion in disc pressure when arms are comfortably supported

144
Q

what can cause lower EMG activity during sitting

A

if arm and wrists are supported

145
Q

when is there an increased keystroke ability

A

when wrists are supported

146
Q

in the study of hand rest and wrist support during typing by CAllegari, what was the results of EDC and biceps

A

EDC fatigue after one hour of type

biceps fatigue reduced by use of wrist support with keyboard (EMG)

147
Q

how far should the screen be

A

should be face to face, approx 60-70 cm from worker (arm length)

148
Q

where should eyes be in terms of screen

A

top of screen eye level

149
Q

what is the ideal angle of keyboard

A

0-25 degrees

150
Q

what facilitated typing performancy

A

dished (indented) keys with light resistance facilitated typing performance

151
Q

keyboards leads to risk of waht

A

excessive pronation and ulnar deviation

152
Q

what percentage of computers users requrie a mouse

A

33-66

153
Q

what percent of mouse users keep their fingers in extension

A

48

154
Q

what is a factor for discomfort in terms fo the mouse

A

mouse placement far from keyboard risk

155
Q

mouse is potential for repetitive BLANK deviation

A

WRIST

156
Q

true or false and explain: cellphones have no effect on ergonomcis

A

false, a study found that 84% reported pain in at least one body part and right hand pain was most comon at the base of the thumb
s=

POTH 225: BIOMECHANICS (15 decks)

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