Week 3 - Inflammation Flashcards
Goal of inflammation
respond to stimuli -> restore balance
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation
- pain
- heat
- redness
- swelling
- loss of function
Sequence of events during an acute inflammatory response
- damaged cells and immune cells at the site of injury release chemical mediators
Action of chemical mediators in acute inflammatory response
- Pain response: bind to nearby nociceptors
- Vascular response: vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
- cellular response: attract immune cells to the site of injury (chemotaxis)
Role of Platelets in inflammatory response
release blood-clotting proteins at the wound site (if needed)
Role of mast cells in inflammatory response
secrete chemical mediators
Role of neutrophils in inflammatory response
migrate to the site and secrete factors that kill pathogens, phagocytosis to remove pathogens and debris
Role of macrophages in inflammatory response
secrete cytokines, phagocytosis to remove pathogens and debris
Role of fibroblasts in inflammatory response
build connective tissue as part of the healing process
Mast cell chemical mediators
- histamine
- prostaglandins
- Leukotrienes
Macrophages chemical mediators
- cytokines (interleukins and lymphokines)
Platelets chemical mediator
- platelet activating factor
Plasma proteins - chemical mediators
- bradykinin
- complement system
- prothrombin & fibrinogen
- C-reactive protein (CRP)
Histamine role
vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
Prostaglandins role
vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, fever, pain
Leukotrienes role
vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis
Cytokines (interleukins & lymphokines) role
fever, chemotaxis, leukocytosis
Platelet-activating factor role
platelet aggregation
Bradykinin role
vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, pain, chemotaxis
Complement system role
vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis, potentiate histamine release
What is exudate?
interstitial fluid collected in the area of inflammation
Serous exudate characteristics
watery, fluid + small amounts of protein and white blood cells
Fibrinous exudate characteristics
thick and sticky, higher cell and fibrin content
Purulent exudate characteristics
thick and yellow-green colour, higher white blood cells and cell debris
- may also contain microorganisms
- suggests bacterial infection
Hemorrhagic exudate characteristics
blood vessels damaged
What is an abscess
pocket of purulent exudate in a solid tissue
Changes in the blood with inflammation: Leukocytosis
increased numbers of white blood cells, especially neutrophiles
Changes in the blood with inflammation: differential count
proportion of each type of white blood cells altered, depending on the cause
Changes in the blood with inflammation: Plasma proteins
increased fibrinogen and prothrombin
Changes in the blood with inflammation: C-reactive protein and other cytokines
a protein not normally found in the blood, but appears with acute inflammation and necrosis within 24-48 hours
Changes in the blood with inflammation: Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
elevated plasma proteins increase the rate at which red blood cells settle in a sample
Changes in the blood with inflammation: Cell enzymes
released from necrotic cells and enter tissues fluids and blood: may indicate the site of inflammation
Non-pharmaceutical treatments for inflammation
- compression
- cold
- hot
- elevation
- rest/avoid further trauma in acute phase
What are the potential healing fates for inflammation?
- resolution
- regeneration
- replacement
Inflammatory fate - resolution
damaged cells recover
inflammatory fate - regeneration
damaged cells are a cell type that can divide by mitosis and can therefore be replaced by an identical type
Inflammatory fate - replacement
damaged cells replaced by connective tissue (scar tissue) loss of function in this area
What immune cells infiltrate in acute inflammation
mainly neutrophils
What immune cells infiltrate in chronic inflammation?
monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes
Chronic inflammation etiology
- acute inflammation that is unable to resolve
- low level exposure to an irritant or foreign material
- autoimmune disorders
- defect in cells responsible for mediating inflammation
- inflammatory and biochemical inducers causing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction
Non pharmaceutical treatment of chronic inflammation
- nutrition
- aerobic and resistance exercise
- sleep quality and quantity
- stress reduction
