Week 3 Immune Regulations + Blood Groups (Incomplete)

Question 1

What are the 3 phases of regulation of immune response?

Answer 1

Phase 1 Immediate response;
Phase 2 Early-induced phase (after 1-2 days);
Phase 3 Late phase with adaptive immune response
(after 5-7 days)

Question 2

What are some of the physical barriers that make up the immediate response phase?

Answer 2

Skin, mucosal surface of the GI tract, respiratory system, and urogenital system.

Question 3

What are some of the early antimicrobial peptides that make the physical barriers more effective?

Answer 3

Defensins, cathelicidins. Later on, IgA antibodies help.

Question 4

How do phagocytes recognize microbes, and what about microbes do they recognize?

Answer 4

Phagocytes use PRR’s (Pattern recognition receptors) to recognize PAMP’s (pathogen associated molecular patterns)

Question 5

What are some types of PRR’s?

Answer 5

Toll-like receptors (TLR), C-type lectins, Scavenger

receptors, NOD-like receptors

Question 6

How long does it take for the early-induced phase to begin?

Answer 6

1-2 days

Question 7

What is the mechanism for early-induced phase activation?

Answer 7

PRR-dependent activation of various cell types, leading to cytokine secretion, secretion of antimicrobial peptides, antigen presentation by APC’s, and cytokine production

Question 8

What do IFN alpha and beta do?

Answer 8

They are antimicrobial peptides against viral infection

Question 9

What do lysozymes do?

Answer 9

They are antimicrobial peptides that degrade the bacterial wall

Question 10

What do interleukin-1 and TNF do?

Answer 10

These are acute-phase cytokines that lead to adhesion receptor upregulation and migration

Question 11

What does mannose-binding lectin (MBL) do?

Answer 11

Performs complement activation (acute phase cytokine)

Question 12

What does CRP (C-reactive protein) do?

Answer 12

Opsonization of microbes (acute phase cytokine)

Question 13

What do endogenous pyrogens do?

Answer 13

Induce fever (acute phase protein)

Question 14

What do cathelicidins do?

Answer 14

It’s an antimicrobial peptide on mucosal surfaces

Question 15

What do interferons do?

Answer 15

Inhibit viral replication

Question 16

Virus infection shows up in which MHC class? What cell type recognizes them?

Answer 16

MHC Class I; Cytotoxic T cells

Question 17

T helper type 1 cells mainly do what? And type 2?

Answer 17

Th1: activate macrophages, Th2: activate B lymphocytes into plasma or memory cells

Question 18

When is the late phase with adaptive immune response?

Answer 18

After 5-7 days

Question 19

What does the mechanism of the late phase with adaptive immune response depend on?

Answer 19

Depends on the microorganism or virus

Question 20

What are the late responses to viral infection? This also goes for tumor formation

Answer 20

Make a new non-self protein in the infected cell, presentation by MHC Class I, CD8 positive cytotoxic T cell activation, killing of the infected cell

Question 21

What are the late responses to bacterial infection as well as some viruses?

Answer 21

uptake by APCs, presentation by MHC Class II, CD4 positive helper T cell activation (T h1 or T h2 )

Question 22

What are the late responses to parasitic worm infection?

Answer 22

extracellular killing
(eosinophil mediated),
MBP – major basic protein release from the granules

Question 23

What is more effective at killing virus-infected cells, NK cells or T-cell mediated killing?

Answer 23

T-cell mediated killing